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1

Quo vadis humanity? On genetic engineering : Book review: Michael Sandel, “The Case against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering”, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts), London (England) 2007, pp. 162

100%

Miętek A.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2007

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vol. 36

280-283

EN

The most important task of contemporary science is to serve humanity. It seems that technology develops in two different ways. On the one hand technology does everything to make human’s life carefree, easy and safe. But on the other scientists do their best to solve most pressing problems so that people could once and for all forget about troubles like AIDS, cancer or Alzheimer’s disease. Until today technical progress was followed by the progress of the humanity but it seems that contemporary hi-technology left behind moral reflections of people. Michael Sandel’s book e Case against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering is a moral reflection on those problems accompanied by technological changes. It is an attempt to establish a border that cannot be crossed – on its one side human being is still a human being but on the other one it is just an artificially stimulated machine.

2

Justice according to Michael J. Sandel

89%

Borek M.

Logos i Ethos

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2021

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vol. 58

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issue 2

71-88

PL

Zagadnienie sprawiedliwości jest nieustannie dyskutowane od czasów starożytnych, co może świadczyć o jego znaczeniu i złożoności. Ujawnia swoją różnorodność w kontekście różnic kulturowych, koncepcji filozoficznych, idei i szkół myślenia. Analizy zagadnienia sprawiedliwości podjął się również niezwykle popularny profesor Uniwersytetu Harvarda Michael Sandel. W swoich artykułach, książkach i wykładach wielokrotnie podejmuje on problematykę sprawiedliwości, analizując jej rozwój, zastosowanie i wynikające z tego konsekwencje. Nie stroni przy tym od jednoznacznych ocen i wyrażania opinii. Taka postawa pozwala nam odkryć i przeanalizować jego własną koncepcję sprawiedliwości, widzianej w perspektywie cnoty pełniącej niezwykle ważną rolę w życiu publicznym. W jego refleksji nad zagadnieniem sprawiedliwości wyłaniają się założenia szerszej perspektywy filozoficznej, określanej mianem komunitaryzmu.

EN

The concept of justice has been constantly discussed from ancient times to the present day, which shows its importance and complexity. It reveals its diversity in the context of cultural differences, philosophical concepts, ideas and schools of thought. The extremely popular Harvard University professor Michael Sandel also undertook his analysis of the issue of justice. In his articles, books and lectures, he repeatedly addresses the issue of justice, analyzing its development, application and the resulting consequences of its application. At the same time, he does not avoid unambiguous assessments and expressing his opinions. This attitude allows us to discover and analyze his own concept of justice, seen in the perspective of a virtue fulfilling an important role in public life. His reflections on the question of justice reveal the assumptions of a broader philosophical perspective, referred to as communitarianism.

3

What money can’t buy – nieodbyta debata

75%

Nawojczyk M.

Kultura i Edukacja

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2014

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issue 4(104)

107-119

EN

The dominant paradigm for a number of decades of neo-liberal economy has not signifi cantly weakened even times of economic crises referred to as the largest since the Great Depression. Moreover, for a long time we were witnessing the moving logic of economic activities to other spheres of social life. The process of marketization of the public sphere is constantly progressing. It should, therefore, take the debate over its reach and impact on the functioning of the community. We need to ask yourself a number of questions, the answers to which will be crucial for our life as a community. These questions about the moral, ethical and social boundaries of the market put in a rather provocative way Michael Sandel. Adopting a broader debate over them is essential, because the important aspects of our existence both in terms of individual and as a community will really on that. Does the knowledge, information, our body, clean air, access to education, to health care are goods? Are they subject to the rules of supply and demand? Is the market mechanism the best way to distribute them? Is there a legitimate way? Answers to these questions should not be limited to the discourse of the efficiency measure, which sometimes seems to dominate public discourse and especially political. This discourse should be conducted in relation to the concept of social justice and equality as marketization processes inevitably lead to the emergence of new dividing lines and the growing social inequality. This current refl ection on society was constantly present in publications of Richard Borowicz. These questions he asked yourself and his readers for a long time. It is a pity, that now he is not able to participate directly in this discourse.

4

Komunitaryzm a republikanizm. W poszukiwaniu podobieństw i różnic między nurtami

71%

Szymaniec P.

Prakseologia

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2016

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vol. 158/2

189-214

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy jest konfrontacja głównych tez komunitaryzmu – ujmowanego jako projekt polityczny tworzony przede wszystkim przez takich myślicieli, jak Alasdair MacIntyre, Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor i Michael Walzer – z podstawowymi założeniami klasycznego republikanizmu. Komunitaryści – inspirując się wyraźnie ideami Tocqueville’a – optują zatem za wzmocnieniem więzi wspólnotowych na poziomie lokalnym. Właśnie na tym szczeblu, a nie w polityce centralnej, najpełniej ma manifestować się cnota jako podstawa wspólnego działania. Republikanizm i komunitaryzm operują też różnymi koncepcjami wolności, których wspólną cechą jest to, że akcentują pozytywny wymiar wolności. Ponadto komunitaryzm znacznie mniej niż republikanizm podkreśla znaczenie rywalizacji dla postaw obywatelskich. Ten element – zaznaczenie roli agonu – był silniej obecny w analizach Hannah Arendt, które pod tym względem trzeba uznać za bardziej republikańskie niż propozycje komunitarystów. Trzeba jednak zauważyć, że u Charlesa Taylora, Michaela Walzera, a przede wszystkim u Michaela Sandela, występują niewątpliwie wątki charakterystyczne dla typu dyskursu publicznego rozwijanego przez klasyczny republikanizm. Sandel wprost uważa się za reprezentanta tradycji republikańskiej, jednakże z bogatego jej dorobku wybiera wariant, który nazywa wariantem „ateńskim”, i przeciwstawia wariantowi „neorzymskiemu”, który w dawnej tradycji republikańskiej był dominujący.

EN

The aim of the paper is to confront the main theses of communitarianism – perceived as a political project created primarily by such thinkers as Alasdair MacIntyre, Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor and Michael Walzer – with the basic assumptions of the classical republicanism. Communitarians – clearly inspired by the ideas of Tocqueville – opt for strengthening the community bonds at the local level. According to them, on this level, and not in the central politics, virtue is the most fully manifested as a basis for a joint action. Republicanism and communitarianism utilize also different concepts of freedom, the common feature of which is that they accentuate the positive dimension of freedom. In addition, communitarianism emphasizes the importance of competition for shaping the civic attitudes to a lesser extent than republicanism. This element – the emphasizing the role of the agon – was strongly present in the thought of Hannah Arendt, which must be considered as more republican in this respect than the proposals of communitarians. It must be noted, notwithstanding, that the topics specific to the type of public discourse developed by classical republicanism certainly occur in some concepts of Charles Taylor, Michael Walzer, and especially Michael Sandel. Sandel openly considers himself as a representative of the republican tradition, however from the rich heritage of this tradition he specifies the version which he calls the “Athenian” model and sets it against “neo-Roman” one. The latter, however, was predominant in the old tradition of republicanism.

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Quo vadis humanity? On genetic engineering : Book review: Michael Sandel, “The Case against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering”, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts), London (England) 2007, pp. 162

Justice according to Michael J. Sandel

What money can’t buy – nieodbyta debata

Komunitaryzm a republikanizm. W poszukiwaniu podobieństw i różnic między nurtami