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1
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Ilkka Syvänne and Katarzyna Maksymiuk, The Military History of the Third Century Iran. Scientific Publishing House of Siedlce University, Siedlce 2018, ISBN: 978-83-7051-894-3

100%
KETTENHOFEN E.
Historia i Świat
|
2020
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issue 9
157-161
EN
REVIEW
2
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Medieval Georgian Poliorcetica

80%
TSURTSUMIA M.
Historia i Świat
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2015
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issue 4
175-204
EN
In the medieval art of war siege constituted one of the principal forms of fight. Several basic techniques were used in taking a stronghold, such as assaulting the walls of the fortress, breaching the wall, digging a subterranean tunnel under the wall and enfeeblement of the garrison by lengthy siege. Bearing in mind various data, in the Middle Ages Georgians used the following technical means to capture fortresses: assault ladders, battering rams and other engines for breaching walls, ballistas, stone throwing engines and subterranean tunnels. In the article light is shed on the siege capabilities of the Georgian army of the period. Extensively discussed are the Georgian army’s stone throwing artillery, various types of stone hurling engines and the time of their spread in Georgia. Various techniques of capturing fortresses, applied by the Georgians are described. These include mounting the walls with ladder or various improvised means. The hazardous technique of directly assaulting the fortress without preliminary preparation or bringing up heavy siege engines is shown. The capturing of fortresses by means of underground tunnels is discussed separately. By the available evidence it is not apparent that Georgians made use of all the siege techniques known in the medieval world; however, it can be said that they were familiar with and used successfully the basic methods of siege warfare.
3
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“The Sacrificed Army” – the Hungarian 2nd Army between memory and history

70%
Fóris Á.
Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки
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2021
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issue 30
304-324
EN
The fate of the Hungarian 2nd Army has a significant role in the Hungarian memory. The army was sent to the Eastern Front in 1942 suffered one of the great defeats of the Hungarian military history during the Soviet counter-offensive in January 1943. During the past almost 80 years, different narratives have emerged about it were evolved in the Hungarian public. In the paper the author shall analyse the most significant elements of these narratives. Firstly, there will be examined the genesis and underlying causes of the decision to send the 2nd Army to the Eastern front. The author counter a popular post-war myth that the Hungarian leadership sent out the Hungarian soldiers and labour servicemen with the intention of sacrifice that it could limit Hungary's involvement in the German war effort. Although the Hungarian military leadership discriminated against various social groups (primarily of individuals of Jewish descent, non-Hungarian nationalities) in military service, they did not aim to destroy them. Similarly, the higher proportion of reserve officers and lower social classes (peasantry, workpeople) in the army was misinterpreted. In the second part of the paper the author will examine the interpretations of the defeat in January 1943. As a part of this topic there will be shown how the public opinion and survivors overstated the loss data and the temperature conditions of “the Russian winter.” In addition, the author scrutinize the fighting and withdrawal in January 1943 from the viewpoint of the military discipline. Finally, he analyse the interpretations of two orders. The army commander, Colonel General Jány wrote in his order on 24 January that “the 2nd Army has lost its honour.” Although later he withdrew this order, it became the symbol of the barbarity and betrayal of the Hungarian military elite against the Hungarian soldiers. It received a different opinion on the order of the commander of the III Corps of 1 February 1943, in which Major General Stomm disbanded his formation - which was unprecedented in Hungarian history.
4
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The Reign of Bahrām V Gōr: The Revitalization of the Empire through Mounted Archery

70%
SYVÄNNE I.
Historia i Świat
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2015
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issue 4
71-102
EN
The article reconstructs the military history of Persia under a Bahrām V Gōr, and points out the historical significance of his reign and campaigns as well as the importance of his military reforms – in particular the importance of the adoption of the new style of archery and cavalry tactics.
5
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Bronze mace with three rams' heads from Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford

61%
KUBIK A. L., AHMAD S. N.
Historia i Świat
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2015
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issue 4
157-174
EN
The present study brings to light a new Sasanian mace in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, acquired in 1971 from the Bomford Collection. The bronze mace head is in the shape of three ram heads, has an iron shaft, and a bronze pommel in the shape of a hand holding a ball. The mace incorporates several important decorative motifs – the ram heads which can be linked to the royal farr and to Central Asian visual language; the pearl necklace which is another symbol of the royal farr, and the triple dot motif which may have links to the star Tishtriya, to Apam Napat, or to Buddhist symbolism. In addition to these elements there is the hand motif, whose meaning is still unknown but might be linked to Asian symbolic hand gestures. The mace or scepter was an important element of royalty and of religion in Iran and Central Asia and the example in the Ashmolean museum is an important addition in the study of Iranian visual language and royal image in the specific context of Indo-Iranian mutual influence. In the present authors' opinion, the present mace is likely to date, based on relations with other objects, from the 5th - 7th Centuries and is likely to originate from Eastern-Iran or is rooted in Eastern-Iranian artistic tradition.
6
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A new Sasanian helmet in the Musee d’Art Classique de Mougins.

61%
AHMAD S. N.
Historia i Świat
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2015
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issue 4
135-156
EN
This article will describe a previously unknown helmet in the Musee d’Art Classique de Mougins (MACM) in southern France. The helmet is of the “bandhelm” variety and is decorated with heraldic motifs plus silvered rivets. The helmet bears some resemblance to known helmets from Cheragh Ali Tepe / Amlash but also differs in several crucial ways. In the light of this new example, a new typology of Sasanian helmets and some novel insights on the development of Sasanian helmets is also offered.
7
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Early Iranian Riders and Cavarly

61%
FARROKH K., MAKSYMIUK K., SKUPNIEWICZ P.
Historia i Świat
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2023
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issue 12
153–166
EN
The expansion of the Iranian peoples in first centuries of the 1st millennium BCE coincides with the creation and further development of the cavalry warfare in western Eurasia, as well as with the creation of the pastoral nomadic life-style which dominated the Great Steppe for millennia to come. The mounted warriors replaced the light chariots which dominated the Bronze Age battlefields which required perfect horsemanship however application of the recurved, double reflex. composite bow for mounted combat seemed another important factor in development of the cavalry force. Mounted archery which doubled the fire power of the mobile troops, earlier dominated by the chariots triggered the evolution of the various forms of cavalry, both as a response to a threat of the horse archers and independent forces used by the sedentary societies. Iranian contribution in spreading (and most likely invention) of the new technology is undeniable. Although horse riding and recurved composite bows were known earlier they could not overcome the power of the chariot force separately. Only the combination of the factors allowed fielding large and efficient cavalry troops as was practiced by the Scythians and became the success factor for the Achaemenid Empire. Survival of the chariots as late as the Seleucid times was possible because of changing their tactical function from the highly mobile shooting platform to heavy, at least partially, armored terror and shock weapon.
8
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The Three Hephthalite Wars of Peroz 474/5-484

51%
SYVÄNNE I.
Historia i Świat
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2021
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vol. 10
95-116
EN
The first aim of this study is to reconstruct the main features of Peroz’s Hephthalite wars and their military significance for Persia. Secondly, it seeks to analyze the combat doctrine and tactics used by Peroz. Thirdly, the study aims to show what lessons the Persians drew from his defeat and how this affected the Persian combat doctrine. This article demonstrates how the reckless behaviour of Peroz resulted in military, political and economic disasters which undid the achievements of the previous generations. This analysis shows how his disastrous policies led to the abandonment of the reforms of the Bahram V Gur and caused the adoption of one-sided combat doctrine.
9
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A soldier and a townsman during the Thirty Years’ War. Coexistence – Confrontation – Cooperation

41%
Kilian J.
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
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2019
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issue 4
41-60
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest wzajemnym powiązaniom między żołnierzami a populacją miasta podczas wojny trzydziestoletniej, głównie na podstawie niemieckiej literatury przedmiotu, która potwierdza i uzupełnia własne badania autora. Chociaż zazwyczaj funkcjonuje obraz wrogości obu tych grup społecznych, potwierdzony przez rozliczne raporty morderstw, rozbojów, gwałtów, przemocy fizycznej i psychicznej, to jednak rzeczywistość była dużo bardziej barwna, a doświadczenie miasta z wojskiem nie zawsze musiało być negatywne. Mogła to być wzajemna współpraca, szczególnie na niwie handlowej,a nawet stosunki przyjazne i rodzinne.
EN
The article deals with the basic issues of the relationships between soldiers and the city population during the Thirty Years' War, primarily on the basis of German special literature, which is still authoritative in this respect and at the same time confirms and complements the author's own research. Although the notion of the insurmountable ambivalence of both these social components, generally supported by countless reports of murders, robberies, rapes, physical and psychological attacks, the reality was much more colorful, and city experience with soldiers may not always have been negative. Whether it was mutual cooperation, especially on a commercial basis, or establishing friendly and family relations.
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