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Mosul przede wszystkim… Stosunki brytyjsko-tureckie w latach 1923–1929

100%

Zdulski K.

Historia i Polityka

2017

issue 19(26)

25-42

Lausanne Peace Treaty did not solve contradictions between Great Britain and Turkey. Political relations between those two countries remained strained. The Kemalists could not forget that London had been the main supporter of Greece during the Liberation War (Kurtuluş Savaşı). On the other hand, the British thought Turkey to be a seasonal state and were alarmed when Kemalists had established a close link with the Soviet Russia. However, the most serious problem was a dispute over the possession of the vilayet of Mosul. The territory of Mosul was held by Turkey until the First World War. In 1918 it was occupied by Britain. In 1920 it was assigned to Iraq, which had become a British mandate. However Kemalists refused to relinquish their claims to the territory of Mosul, which was specified in the National Pact (Misakı Millı) as Turkish one. For that reason the question of Mosul remained in a state of deadlock, even after the Lausanne Treaty had been signed. Bilateral negotiations between Great Britain and Turkey did not solve the problem, and the matter was referred to the League of Nations. In December 1925 the Council of the League of Nations decided that the vilayet of Mosul was an integraf part of Iraq. Finally the dispute over that territory ended in June 1926, when the border treaty between Iraq and Turkey was signed. However the case of Mosul cast a shadow over relations between Angora and London at least until 1929.

WSPÓŁCZESNE OBRAZOBURSTWO ISLAMSKIE – ZAGROŻENIE DLA ŚWIATOWEGO DZIEDZICTWA KULTUROWEGO

94%

Rozmus D.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

2018

vol. 2

issue XVIII

145-157

Ogromne zniszczenia w substancji zabytkowej na terenie Syrii i Iraku spowodowane przez działalność ISIS można tłumaczyć nie tylko fanatycznym ikonoklazmem o podłożu religijnym. Ideolodzy ruchów dżihadu na obszarze tzw. Państwa Islamskiego dążą do wprowadzenia jednej, zunifikowanej wersji islamu. W ich świecie nie ma miejsca na demokrację, laicyzm, nacjonalizm (nawet na patriotyzm) i inne „potworności” Zachodu. Przy nakładzie ogromnych środków niszczono zabytki będące elementami lokalnych tradycji. Wobec tragedii ludzi rozważania o stratach w dziedzinie szeroko pojmowanej kultury mogą być tylko uzupełnieniem opisu niewyobrażalnych tragedii, które spowodowały wojny na Bliskim Wschodzie. Można jednak na tę kwestię spojrzeć taki sposób, w którym nie oddzielamy ludzi od ich dziedzictwa. Człowiek jest bowiem integralną częścią swojej kultury. “This isn’t a choice between people or stone,” said Deborah Lehr, chair of Antiquities Coalition. “Culture is part of who these people are, and this, ironically, is the cradle of civilization”. W związku z zaistniałą sytuacją ogromnego znaczenia nabiera inwentaryzacja oraz digitalizacja zabytków i architektury. Zabiegi te winno też prowadzić się z użyciem najnowszych metod teledetekcji satelitarnej.

The vast destruction of the heritage sites in Syria and Iraq caused by the activities of ISIS may not only be attributed to fanatical iconoclasm with a religious background. The ideologists of the jihad movements in the so-called Islamic State intend to introduce one, unified version of Islam. In their world, there is no place for democracy, secularity, nationalism (even for patriotism) and other “abominations” of the West. Monuments which constituted elements of local traditions were destroyed with the application of huge resources. In the face of the tragedy of people, considerations in the field of broadly conceived culture may only supplement a description of unspeakable tragedies which were caused by the wars in the Near East. However, we may examine this question in such a way as not to separate the people from their heritage, for a human being is an integral part of his or her culture. “This isn’t a choice between people or stone,” said Deborah Lehr, chair of Antiquities Coalition. “Culture is part of who these people are, and this, ironically, is the cradle of civilization.”. Due to the situation which occurred, the stock-taking and digitalisation of artefacts and architectural monuments assumes huge significance. These proceedings should be also conducted with the use of the most recent methods of satellite teledetection.

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Mosul przede wszystkim… Stosunki brytyjsko-tureckie w latach 1923–1929

WSPÓŁCZESNE OBRAZOBURSTWO ISLAMSKIE – ZAGROŻENIE DLA ŚWIATOWEGO DZIEDZICTWA KULTUROWEGO