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EN
Mozart and singers: limitation or inspiration? Stefan Kunze called the time before Mozart settled in Vienna the years of migration and study. Daniel Brandenburg in his article shows that in reference to the operas composed by young Mozart for Milan (Mitridate re di Ponto, 1770, Lucio Silla, 1772) and Munich (Idomeneo re di Creta, 1781), the process of education meant also mastering the Italian singing conventions. Composing for singers appears to be an inspirational task, although it was limited in various ways. That double effect is recorded in Mozart’s scores.
PL
Stefan Kunze called the time before Mozart settled in Vienna the years of migration and study. Daniel Brandenburg in his article shows that in reference to the operas composed by young Mozart for Milan (Mitridate re di Ponto, 1770, Lucio Silla, 1772) and Munich (Idomeneo re di Creta, 1781), the process of education meant also mastering the Italian singing conventions. Composing for singers appears to be an inspirational task, although it was limited in various ways. That double effect is recorded in Mozart’s scores.
PL
Po II wojnie światowej niewielu twórcom filmowym z Europy udało się odnieść sukces w USA. Do nich należy czechosłowacki reżyser Miloš Forman (1932-2018). Jego życie nie było łatwe. W czasie wojny stracił rodziców, a później ojczyznę, gdyż zdecydował się na emigrację. Początki jego działalności artystycznej w USA były naznaczone niepowodzeniem. Przełomem okazał się film Lot nad kukułczym gniazdem (1975) a szczytem Amadeusz. Obok tytułowego Mozarta głównym bohaterem filmu jest pochodzący z północnych Włoch Antonio Salieri. Pragnie być uznanym kompozytorem, żarliwie się o to modli. Wydaje się mu, że został wysłuchany, aż do czasu, gdy spotyka Mozarta, muzycznego geniusza, który swym postępowaniem – zdaniem Salieriego – na ten dar nie zasłużył. Salieri buntuje się przeciw „rozrzutności” Boga. Nie chce dostrzec, że się myli. Hojność Boga jest nieograniczona – z tej boskiej obfitości czerpie i Mozart, i Salieri. Uparte opowiadanie się przeciwko Bogu nie przynosi ulgi, a doświadczane cierpienie nie prowadzi go do uznania własnego błędu (grzechu). Z bólem, ale też i dumą wyraża opinię o słuszności swego postępowania.
EN
After the Second World War, several European filmmakers managed to succeed in the USA. The Czechoslovak director Miloš Forman (1932-2018) was one of them. His life was not easy. During the war he lost his parents, and later his homeland, because he decided to emigrate. The beginnings of his artistic activity in the US were marked by failure. The breakthrough came with the movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975), and the great success Amadeus (1984). Next to the titular Mozart, the main character of the film is Antonio Salieri, a musician from northern Italy. He wants to be a famous composer and prays fervently for that. It seems to him that his prayer has been heard, until he meets Mozart, a musical genius who – according to Salieri – did not deserve this gift. Salieri rebels against God’s ‘extravagance’. He does not want to acknowledge that he is wrong. God’s generosity is unlimited. Both Mozart and Salieri derive from this divine abundance. Salieri persists against God. He never experiences relief and suffering does not lead him to recognize his own mistake (sin). With pain, but also with pride, he expresses his opinion about the righteousness of his own conduct.
EN
The article is devoted to the characters of servants in opera and their two radically different variants: a clever servant and a nursemaid. The first variant, rooted in the ancient tradition, becomes more independent with time, and these characters become fully-fledged and sometimes even turn into main characters (e.g. Figaro or Leporello.) The other variant is rooted in the Baroque, when nursemaids were treated, similarly to clever servants, as comic characters. The evolution of the character of a nursemaid in opera turns towards realism, fabulousness and highlighting archetypal features, which can be seen in the examples taken mainly from the Russian operatic tradition. Both types of servants in opera show that despite their socially secondary meaning, these characters serve important functions and become key for the interpretation of a particular scene as a whole.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the issue of female singers and their role in the society of eighteenth-century Vienna on the example of two women: Mozart’s sister-in-law Aloysia, née Weber, later Lange, and Catarina Cavalieri, the first Constance. These singers were rivals on the opera stage in late 18th century Vienna, as evidenced by the parts written for them by Mozart in his Der Schauspieldirektor. From the social point of view, the biographies of these two outstanding singers are very different.
EN
David, the king of Israel, is an outstanding figure in Biblical history. Exceptionally talented, he left many wonderful works in various fields: religion, politics, and art. However, he was not free of errors, or even of committing crimes, yet he was capable of rising up from them through penitence and invoking the God of mercy. This is most evident after he had committed adultery with Bathsheba and led her husband Uriah the Hittite to death, as well as after the census. I discuss these cases and also deal with the penitential psalms, which reflect David’s attitude. In the second part, I analyze Mozart’s cantata Davide penitente (KV 469), in which he used the music from the Great Mass in C Minor, K. 427 c-moll to the Italian Psalm Paraphrases of the eighteenth century. I discuss the origins of the piece and of the libretto and comment on it at the musical and verbal level. The cantata is a harmonious synthesis in which the rich music complements the inspired words, reflecting its internal tension and emotions. Listening to this composition, we can more fully experience the contents contained within the Biblical text and delve into David’s dramatic world, which is always illuminated by God’s grace.
PL
Dawid, król Izraela, jest wybitną postacią w historii biblijnej. Niezwykle utalentowany, zostawił wiele wspaniałych dzieł na różnych polach ‒ religijnym, politycznym, artystycznym. Nie ustrzegł się jednak poważnych błędów, a nawet zbrodni, ale potrafił się z nich podnieść przez pokutę, odwoływanie się do Bożego miłosierdzia. Widać to najlepiej po cudzołóstwie z Batszebą i doprowadzeniu jej męża Uriasza do śmierci oraz po spisie ludności. Autor omawia te przypadki i zatrzymuje się także nad psalmami pokutnymi, które są refleksem postawy Dawida. W drugiej części została zanalizowana kantata Davide penitente Mozarta (KV 469), w której kompozytor wykorzystał muzykę z Wielkiej Mszy c-moll (KV 427/417a) do włoskich parafraz psalmów z XVIII wieku. Autor omawia genezę utworu i libretto oraz komentuje go w warstwie muzycznej i słownej. Kantata stanowi harmonijną syntezę, w której bogata muzyka dopełnia natchnione słowa, oddaje ich wewnętrzne napięcia i emocje. Słuchając tego utworu, można głębiej przeżyć treści zawarte w tekście biblijnym i wniknąć w dramatyczny świat Dawida, rozświetlony zawsze Bożą łaską.
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