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1

Futurism and the Birth of Fascism

100%
Donátková Z.
West Bohemian Historical Review
|
2020
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
69-99
EN
This study analyses selected aspects of the Italian Futurist movement’s political agenda, its involvement in interventionist campaigns for Italy to join the First World War, and its subsequent role in the forming of the Fascist movement. The Intervento, the nine-month period when the nation was deciding whether to join the war, became an important milestone in Italian history, bringing together diverse political forces in Italy previously hostile to each other, shaping the traits which would determine its future. The turbulent days of the Intervento also marked the beginning of co-operation between the founder of Futurism, F. T. Marinetti, and Benito Mussolini, which culminated in the founding of the Fasci di Combattimento.
2
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The cult of personality as an important feature of totalitarian propaganda

87%
Żyromski M.
Przegląd Politologiczny
|
2019
|
issue 2
95-108
PL
Ustrój totalitarny, w przeciwieństwie do systemu demokracji przedstawicielskiej (opartego na bezosobowych procedurach), jest mocno związany z pozycją przywódcy,. Stąd też kult jednostki nie tylko służy utrwaleniu władzy totalitarnego przywódcy, ale przyczynia się do legitymizacji całego systemu politycznego. W artykule zaprezentowano propagowanie i tworzenie kultu jednostki wokół trzech przywódców państw totalitarnych: Stalina, Mussoliniego i Hitlera.
EN
The totalitarian system, in contrast to the system of representative democracy (based on impersonal procedures), is strongly related to the position of the leader. Therefore, the cult of the individual not only serves to consolidate the power of a totalitarian leader, but also contributes to the legitimacy of the entire political system. The article presents the propagation and creation of the cult of the individual around three leaders of totalitarian states: Stalin, Mussolini and Hitler.
3

„La bataglia per la libertà” — antyfaszystowska opozycja braci Carlo i Nello Rossellich w latach 1926–1937

86%
Kiwior-Filo M.
Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem
|
2017
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vol. 39
|
issue 1
109-122
EN
The opposition activities of the Rosselli brothers, brutally killed on 9 June 1937 in Bagnoles­-de-l’Orne, France, by the French cagoualards, were rooted in their deep conviction concerning the necessity of fighting for freedom in fascist Italy, fighting that brought together Italian, Jewish and French anti-fascist circles. This was manifested in numerous initiatives and various kinds of oppo­sition activities undertaken by Carlo Rosselli (b. 1899) — a writer, economist and politician — and his younger brother Sabatino Enrico (b. 1900), known as Nello — a historian and journalist. Their collaboration with the opposition periodicals Noi giovani and Non Mollare, their work in the “L’Italia Libera” society, and, above all, in the social-liberal movement “Giustizia e Libertà”, fo­unded by the Rosellis in August 1929, the political programme of which was based on ideas included in Socialismo liberale published by Carlo, were an attempt to unite all non-communist forces that wo­uld be willing to fight together to put an end to the fascist regime. “Giustizia e Libertà” played an im­portant role in sensitising the public, especially outside Italy, to and informing it about the true fascist reality, the image of which was usually distorted by the regime’s propaganda or simply created by it. In Carlo Rosselli’s interpretation, fascism appeared as an anti-freedom and anti-liberal move­ment, “the most passive product of Italian history”, a manifestation of reaction and not revolution. In an article entitled La lotta per la libertà C. Rosselli concluded that fascism was, in a way, an “autobiography of the nation”. It took root in Italy thanks to some favourable circumstances, among which C. Rosselli listed a lack of moral formation of Italian society and conviction of the masses that they should become involved in political life, but also bias, romantic tastes, petit bourgeois idealism, nationalistic rhetoric, sentimental post-war reaction, and restless desire for “novelty” regardless of what was behind it. Carlo Rosselli saw one of the causes of the “triumph of fascism” in a degeneration of parliamentarism” and “inability to rally society around a constructive programme and create a uniform force” that would be capable of standing up to Mussolini. The contribution of the Rosselli brothers to the fight for freedom — encouragements to be­come involved, attempts to make people aware of the real problems exposed by fascism in Italian society — is unquestionable. Their intellectual legacy, political engagement and commitment, and anti-fascist opposition certainly deserve to be reflected upon by generations for whom the idea of freedom still remains invaluable.
4
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Futbol w cieniu dyktatury

71%
Olchówka A.
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
|
2022
|
issue 24
243-249
EN
Cristóbal Villalobos Salas, Fútbol y fascismo [Football and Fascism] Federica Seneghini, Las futbolistas que desafiaron a Mussolini [Women Footballers Who Defied Mussolini]
PL
Cristóbal Villalobos Salas, Fútbol y fascismo, Altamarea, Madrid 2020, ss. 200. Federica Seneghini, Las futbolistas que desafiaron a Mussolini, Altamarea, Madrid 2022, ss. 224.
5
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The Last Days of Peace from within the Axis: Italian Efforts to Avoid the German Aggression Against Poland

58%
Paoletti C.
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
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2019
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issue 34
129-150
EN
The author presents available archival and published Italian sources devoted to the last weeks of peace between March/April and September 1939. The materials provide clear evidence that in late spring and summer 1939, an arrangement or agreement betweenPoland and Germany was impossible. The main reason was Hitler’s determined political and economic will to attack and destroy Poland.
PL
Autor przedstawia dostępne materiały archiwalne i opublikowane źródła włoskie poświęcone ostatnim tygodniom pokoju w okresie od marca/kwietnia do września 1939 r. Z materiałów jednoznacznie wynika, że pod koniec wiosny i latem 1939 r. niemożliwe było zawarcie porozumienia lub umowy między Polską i Niemcami. Wynikało to przede wszystkim z politycznej i gospodarczej determinacji Hitlera dążącego do przeprowadzenia ataku i zniszczenia Polski.
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