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1

HEIDEGGER - NOVOVEKÁ MATEMATICKÁ PRÍRODOVEDA A METAFYZIKA

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Leško V.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2006
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vol. 61
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issue 5
347-358
EN
In Heidegger's philosophical writings on science the problematic of science occupies an important place. There are several periods in Heidegger's articulating this problem. Among the most important are the 1930s, especially his lecture 'Modern Mathematical Natural Science', which is seen by the author of the article as one of the most fundamental Heidegger's works. Divided into two main parts it examines the relationship between the mathematical and metaphysics as well as Descartes' relationship to metaphysics. In his lecture Heidegger showed himself as an excellent analytical philosopher, whose focus is not on historical-philosophical reception of modern natural science (mainly of Descartes' theory), but on an original picture of the rise of modern science and its links with the origins of modern metaphysics as a metaphysics of subjectivity. For Heidegger understanding modern science means also a deep philosophical insight into Descartes' 'Rules for the Direction of Our Native Intelligence'. And with this we have but to agree.
2

METÓDY METAFYZIKY A PRÍRODNÝCH VIED - O ICH PODOBNOSTIACH A ODLIŠNOSTIACH

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Volek P.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2018
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vol. 73
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issue 5
345 – 355
EN
Contemporary metametaphysics studies foundations and methodology of metaphysics. There are two basic positions when it comes to comparing methods of metaphysics and natural sciences. Some authors want to naturalize metaphysics because they see it as a continuation of natural sciences. On the other hand, there are authors who argue that metaphysics is something specific. Both in metaphysics and natural sciences there is a place for the a priori and a posteriori methods. The exclusive use of the a priori methods is problematic with respect to their justification. The a posteriori methods start from experience and can reveal similarities and dissimilarities between metaphysics and natural sciences. Hence, some philosophers combine the a priori and a posteriori methods in metaphysics (e.g. Lowe, Tahko). The relation between the a priori and a posteriori methods is analysed within the framework of Aristotelian essentialism. The paper will also examine the advantages of Aristotelian essentialism comparing it with the bundle theory and the theory of bare particulars. Naturalization of metaphysics can lead to the dissolution of metaphysics in natural sciences. Therefore, the author ś thesis is that the methods of metaphysics differ from those of natural sciences. Although metaphysics and natural sciences share the same object, namely the explanation of the world, with regard to methods their overlap is only a partial one. They both used models, idealization, and abstraction, but they differ when it comes to the forms of confirmation they use.
3
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Filozoficzna analiza pojęcia cudu jako „zdarzenia niezwykłego”

100%
Świeżyński A.
Filo-Sofija
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2011
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vol. 11
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issue 4(15)
939-962
EN
It has been common for some time to think of a miracle as a special, extraordinary event possessing a supernatural cause. Such a supernaturalistic account of miracles might be constructed with an eye to apologetic concerns, in the hope that the occurrence of a miracle might provide a defense for theism. The general strategy of such an apologetic appeal is to suggest that a miracle is an event that nature could not produce on its own. It is thought of as an event that is incapable of receiving a natural explanation. Thus the supernaturalist hopes that the occurrence of a miracle will point to the operation of a causal force from outside of nature, i.e. one that is supernatural. The miracle as an “extraordinary event” can be understood in two ways: (1) as a supernatural event and (2) as an event inexplicable by natural sciences. I will seek to show that in (1) we can talk about a supernatural event as a miraculous one only when we mean the fact that it is caused by a supernatural cause (God) and not when we mean that the very event (the way it proceeds) is supernatural. And with respect to (2), I suggest that talking about scientific inexplicability of a miraculous event doesn’t make sense because it results from understanding the miracle as a violation of the laws of nature and that cannot be proven (and there is no need to do it). My concern is to show the difficulties of such an account of miracles, and to show how our concept of the miraculous could do without it.
4

Jan Kochanowski – pedagog i przyrodnik grodzieński (1894-1942)

88%
Szumski J.
Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty
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2012
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vol. 49
139-151
EN
The main character of the article is Jan Kochanowski, a naturalist from Grodno. His personality was of particular importance for the history of this city in the interwar period, primarily because of his scholar activity in the field of natural science and his social-minded position in public life. In October 1942 Kochanowski was killed by the Nazis, when he had offered his life in exchange for the life of his friend, who was taken as a hostage. However, Jan Kochanowski’s activity has wider dimension. Within his lively participation the Botanical Garden in Grodno was established in 1925, and one year later the Municipal Museum of Natural History was open for attendance. Jan Kochanowski devoted much energy and attention to research and popularize local lore knowledge. This naturalist from Grodno was investigating the regional places associated with the history of the country and some areas characterized by unusual and extraordinary natural phenomena. The name of Kochanowski stands also among initiators of many regional publications and co-editor of the journal "Niemen" (1935-1939). Teaching activity and studying local lore were combined with zealous idea of Kochanowski to protect natural artifacts of the region. Honoured resident of Grodno has played an incredible role in the dissemination of knowledge related to many peculiarities of nature so-called “Nadniemen” area (the territories closed to the Niemen). Owing to enthusiasm and activity of such personalities as Jan Kochanowski, in the interwar period Grodno was one of the most important centers of popularization of natural science and local lore in the region.
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