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Fenomenologia a projekt naturalizacji

100%
Zahavi D.
Avant
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2011
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vol. 2
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issue T
41-57
EN
In recent years more and more people have started talking about the necessity of reconciliating phenomenology with the project of naturalization. Is it possible to bridge the gap between phenomenological analyses and naturalistic models of consciousness? Is it possible to naturalize phenomenology? In their long introduction to the book Naturalizing Phenomenology published by Stanford University Press in 1999, the four co-editors, Jean Petitot, Francisco Varela, Bernard Pachoud, and Jean-Michel Roy set out to delineate what might be seen as a kind of manifesto for this new approach. An examination of this introduction is consequently a good starting point for a discussion of the issue.
2
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TRADIČNÉ A MODERNÉ, NAŠE A CUDZIE AKO HYBNÉ SILY VÝVINU BÁSNICKÉHO PREKLADU (S DÔRAZOM NA SITUÁCIU PO ROKU 1945)

86%
Valcerová A.
World Literature Studies
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2016
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vol. 8
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issue 1
35 – 48
EN
Terms such as naturalization, exotization, modernization and creolization were used by Anton Popovič in the so-called Holmes’s crisis in the 1970s, and they have since gone on to become a staple of Slovak translation theory. They rank among the most frequently occurring translation theory and translation criticism terms after equivalence and shifts. Moreover, their use may be considered as crucial when drawing up the Slovak history of translation in the 20th century. As individual periods in translation studies in our country take their turn, one of these tendencies always comes to the fore as the dominant one. After the clear dominance of naturalizing tendencies in the 1950s, when classic translations were preponderant, a predominance of up-dated translations appeared. This was introduced by Feldek’s appearance in the Mladá tvorba literary magazine at the end of the 1950s and throughout the 1960s by the dominance of modern literature. This alternation of dominant tendencies is by no means mechanical, but it is applicable also in hindsight. Whereas in the period of Realism naturalization tendencies (Kukučín, Hviezdoslav) seem dominant, the period of Modernism foregrounds those of exotization (Roy, Krasko). However, in the inter-war period, exotization takes turns with naturalization (Jesenský, Jesenská, Rázusová-Martáková). J. Felix praises these translations although with respect to historization and modernization he is in favour of so-called vivification, i.e. adapting translation to an epoch in which it originated as well as to the reader. Furthermore, Surrealists in the period of the Second World War and shortly before it seem to prefer modernization and exotization over naturalizing translations. Thus, they bridge the period of naturalization from the 1950s to the 1960s when they become closer with the starting generation of Concretists. Again, after 1968 modernization is not pushed to the background mechanically; prime translations are still modernizing or up-dated. After 1989, gradually after a wave of exotization, especially Americanization, one can observe an attenuation of the modernizing and exoticizing methods in supreme translations, those of poems, in particular, in contrast to what was referred to by Felix as vivification on a temporal axis and creolization, i.e. mixing of cultures, by Popovič.
3
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TESTY OBYWATELSKIE. NARZĘDZIE INTEGRACJI CZY BARIERA DLA NATURALIZACJI?

86%
Szaranowicz-Kusz M.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2011
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vol. 37
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issue 2(140)
81-95
EN
The debate on adding stricter requirements of civic knowledge to previously existing language tests, shows how diverse the expectations towards citizenship applicants are. The paper explains why the recent introduction of citizenship tests has raised controversy. The tests are questioned in two ways. Firstly, there are doubts whether applicants for naturalization should be tested at all. The most problematic aspect of those requirements is the intention or effect of raising barriers to naturalization among long-term resident immigrants. It is debatable whether a citizenship test is an instrument of civic integration, or just on the contrary, of exclusion from the community. Secondly, the controversy focuses on the kinds and contents of the citizenship tests. The study shows that the requirements and expectations toward new citizens are varied. Although, in some cases civic tests are a serious obstacle to citizenship acquisition, the question whether they also might be a tool of integration is still open.
4
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EXPRESSIVISM AND THE NATURALIZATION OF THE LANGUAGE OF MORALS: ON THE FRUITFULNESS OF EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE IN METAETHICS (Naturalizacja jezyka etycznego w ramach ekspresywizmu, czyli o owocnosci perspektywy ewolucjonistycznej w metaetyce)

72%
Kuzniar A.
Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne
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2010
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issue 12
91-105
EN
Descriptivists' method of naturalizing moral language is neither the only nor the most promising one in metaethics. The paper deals with attempts to combine the expressivistic account of moral concepts with an evolutionary research programme. As Allan Gibbard (1990, p. 70) puts it: 'Normative discussion is part of nature but it does not describe nature'. First, Gibbard's expressivism is outlined against the background of the theory of evolution. Then the Author proceeds to his own metaethical theory according to which, to take but one example, the judgment that 'a' is morally wrong consists of a belief that it is possible to avoid a, a belief that there is a universal property 'P' which 'a' exemplifies, a desire not to actualize 'a', a disposition (1) to desire not to actualize anything that instantiates the property 'P', and a disposition (2) to desire to subject everyone who does 'a' to coercive measures (including punishment). Language thus interpreted is shown to be an opposite tool for negotiating a stable normative consensus; it addresses specific problems of cooperation viewed from the evolutionary perspective. Finally, it is argued that the Author's proposal exhibits some important advantages over Gibbard's theory.
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