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1

The Burial Ground of the Nitra Culture from Slatinice, distr. of Olomouc. Anthropological analysis

100%
Dockalova M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2006
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vol. 54
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issue 1
41-56
EN
The first extensive group of the graves of the Nitra culture in Moravia was obtained during the archaeological excavations in Holesov in 1964-1970. The anthropological material has been preserved only in fragments. From the total number of 420 burials only six skulls were used for measuring and calculations of their lengths and widths, which was a negligible sample. The burial ground of the Nitra culture in Slatinice, presented in this study, was excavated in 2002. The excavations yielded well-preserved anthropological material from 22 graves with 23 buried individuals. The anthropological analyses determined 12 males, 8 females and 3 infants. The males were of age categories from iuvenis to maturus and they died at the age of 20-40 years. The female age categories were iuvenis-maturus and their age at death ranges between 14-29 and 30-40 years. The average age at death in the entire population was 20-29 years. Concerning the age, 72.2% were adults; 27.3% adolescents and infants. According to sex, there were 50% of males, 22.7% of females and 27,3% of adolescents and children in the population. Calculated average height of the males was 166.1 cm and females 155 cm. The state of health of the population under study was good; we found healed fractures of the forearms and legs, as well as a healed skull injury. We recorded also innate and hereditary symptoms - metopism, spina bifida, leg defect and negligible occurrence of tooth decays. From the anthropological point of view, the population from Slatinice can be described as a markedly dolichomorphic group, which corresponds with the results of the analyses from the Nitra-culture burial grounds in Holesov and with skeletons from Branc and Vycapy-Opatovce.
2

DAWN OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN SOUTH-WEST ERN SLOVAKIA. A RE-EVALUATION OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND CHRONOLOGY OF VÝČAPY-OPATOVCE

88%
Wilkes F., Skorna H.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 1
63 – 80
EN
This paper deals with the chronology and social structure of the Early Bronze Age cemetery of Výčapy-Opatovce (Slovakia/Nitra district). Six radiocarbon dates are presented for the Nitra culture cemetery, which date Výčapy-Opatovce to the very beginning of the Early Bronze Age (2300/2200 – 1500/1400 BCE), roughly contemporaneous with the first phases of the Branč cemetery (Nitra district). A small group of graves originally attributed to the Copper Age Ludanice group also seem to date at least partially to the Bronze Age. The results of the radiocarbon dating do not support a chronological division of the cemetery. Applying a burial index (Z-transformation), five grave clusters were identified within the cemetery. These concentrations of richly furnished graves are separated from each other by poor graves. Two of the clusters could be dated by the radiocarbon dates and demonstrated different areas at the burial ground were used at the same time. The authors conclude that in particular the chronological burial site model of Ch. Bernard, which she proposed in 2005 for Výčapy-Opatovce, should be rejected. The combination of the results of the analysis of the grave indices and radiocarbon dates for Výčapy-Opatovce argues for a division of the cemetery into social groups, as initially suggested by A. Točík.
3

PERIODIZACE EPIŠŇŮROVÉHO PŘIKARPTASKÉHO KULTURNÍHO KOMPLEXU NA MORAVĚ A VE SLEZSKU

88%
Peška J., Králik M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2020
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vol. 68
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issue 2
219 - 252
EN
The article summarises the previous research on the Epicorded Carpathian Cultural Complex (ECCC) in Moravia and Silesia, particularly with respect to the currently used terminology and internal periodisation. Apart from typo-chronology also some methods of multidimensional statistics of several hundred grave complexes were used, whose results are mutually compared and correlated with a small series of absolute dates. Despite some inaccuracies or discrepancies, the earlier published postulates about the internal development of material culture of the ECCC were proved correct. The only representative of this development in East Moravia and in the southern part of Upper Silesia is the Nitra/Mierzanowice Culture (the formerly used Chłopice-Veselé Group/Culture represents 2 chronologically different stages). The culture is newly divided into 5 phases: Proto-Nitra Culture, Early Nitra Culture, Old, Classical and Post-classical Nitra Culture with clear characteristics of all phases, selected examples of typical representatives and distinction of 6 burial horizons in the cemetery of Holešov. Due to similarity of material, the Epicorded finds north of the Moravian Gate and in Silesia are suggested to be classified as Mierzanowice Culture, and the finds south of the Moravian Gate and in SW Slovakia should be classified as Nitra Culture.
4

The Burial Ground of the Nitra Culture from Slatinice, district of Olomouc

88%
Smid M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2006
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vol. 54
|
issue 1
1-32
EN
On October 2002 a small burial ground of the Nitra culture was explored east of Slatinice (distr. of Olomouc). A dense concentration of the graves on a rather small place in the context with excavated area leads us to the result that we explored the entire burial site. The shortest distance to the river Morava's right bank is 11 km. The graves were situated along the oval perimeter with an empty centre, the longer axis of which was SW-NE oriented and 22.5 m long; the shorter axis was NW-SE oriented and 15 m long. Fourteen graves were of oblong ground plan, in six graves the pit shape can be classified as a deformed rectangle, other two were trapeze. All of them have more or less rounded corners. The sidewalls of four graves were stepped. As far as their size is concerned, the grave pits rather varied. Apart from the children graves, the size of which corresponded with the deceased's age, the limits ranged between 215 x 135 cm and 130 x 85 cm. In the both men were buried. Comparing the size of these grave pits with those in which the women were buried, we found no substantial difference between male and female burials. The burial ground is characterised by a strict bipolarity in burying the deads. The men were lying on their right side, with the head to the SW, and the women on their left side, with the head to the NE. Equipment of the graves under study was relatively poor, consisting of pottery, copper jewellery, cylindrical bone or antler beads, flat nacre beads (total number of approx. 1000 pieces), the beads made of green-blue glass material - faience, bone awls and silicite blades and arrow points. Remains of meaty food, found at bottoms of vessels or in their vicinity can be classified as a charity. Only in one case the animal ribs were lying free behind the dead's back. Pottery was found in 9 graves (41%) and only 4 burials were without any equipment. The spectral analysis of the metal ornaments showed they were made of copper of the Slovak provenience; the analysis of the faience proved their Egyptian origin. Apart from the graves also industrial objects were explored on the area, 5 of them were of La Téne origin, 11 from the Roman period and 6 objects cannot be dated, lacking any finds.
5

POHREBISKO NITRIANSKEJ KULTÚRY V ZOHORE

88%
Daňová K., Elschek K.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2014
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vol. 62
|
issue 2
267 – 291
EN
In 2009 on the position Piesky in Zohor, dist. Malacky, the cemetery of the Nitra culture was unearthed. It is situated on the sand dune that has been permanently inhabited since the Neolithic. A total of 22 skeletal graves were excavated. Graves in the central part of the cemetery were arranged in a line, in the direction of NE-SW. North and south parts consisted of only few graves. Burial pits had a more or less regular rectangular ground plan with rounded corners, but also oval and elongated shape and trapezoidal ground plan. The largest graves belonged to adults. In two female graves traces of coffins were detected. Graves of boys were oriented in the direction of W-E, one of them in the direction of NE-SW. Women and girls were buried in a crouched position on the left side, while men and boys on the right side. Within the burial rite several particularities have occurred. It is primarily the absence of parts of bodies or whole ske­leton. In one grave lacking a skeleton, beads were found on the bottom of the burial pit. It is remarkable that the absence of parts of bodies or grave disruption is observed only in children´s graves. From the nine identified children´s graves in Zohor, in eight of them skeletons were evidently disrupted, eventually some bones absented. Only in one grave the disrupted body belonged to an adult woman. In connection with disruptions of children´s graves ritual reasons are considered primarily, although it is not excluded that some displacements in a burial pit could have occurred due to activities of animals. Grave inventory represented bone and antler beads, which were placed only in graves of women and girls. Round head ornaments in the shape of a willow leaf were also found only in female graves. At the cemetery a bone awl, chipped stone industry, a semi-finished artefact probably of stone crusher and few pottery shards were also included. To determinate the chronological position of the graves particularly head ornaments in the shape of a willow leaf with a slight central rib contributed. These appear in the burial grounds of the Nitra culture in the earlier stage.
6

Natural scientific analyses of a faience bead from a Nitra-culture grave in Slatinice, district of Olomouc

88%
Gregerova M., Hlozek M., Sulovsky P.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2006
|
vol. 54
|
issue 1
33-40
EN
Several turquoise-coloured faience beads were revealed from a female grave of the Nitra-culture burial ground near Slatinice. Finds of the numerous faience beads occur in some graves in necropolises belonging to the Late Aeneolithic and Early Bronze Age. The natural scientific methods (optic and electron microscopy and microanalyses) help solve the question of the faience beads origin - whether they were made by the Nitra culture bearers or they were imported from the distant regions. The microscopic analyses proved that the faience bead under study from 95% consists of the various in size fragments of sharp angular quartz which were glued together with a small amount of lime or clay and the bead was probably moulded. After it had been dried up, the bead was burnt at the temperature lower than 800 °C. Then it was dipped into a glazing solution with the copper oxides and then burnt again or annealed at the higher temperatures. High up to very high, almost constant content of potassium and corresponding content of sodium are typical for interstitial glasses of faience and blue copper cores. In the beads from Egypt the normalized K2O content in copper blue colours is 11.9 %. Compared with this, the MgO content is very low. These results make us presuppose that for a production of the faiences ash was used as a source of alkali that is very rich in potassium, poor in MgO and have neutral content of CaO. The results of the realized analyses of the finds from Slatinice prove that the artefact the most probably was not made by the Nitra culture bearers. The concordance between our results and data published to finds of the faience artefacts from Egypt is remarkable. We have compared our measured data with chemical composition of the younger Egyptian artefacts (around 1500 BC). The time gap of one or two hundred years makes no obstruction in this case, as the glass colouring as well as a production of the frits and faience artefacts is proved to have a longer tradition. Hence we can state that in the Nitra culture period (1800-1600 BC) the faience beads were desired trade article transported from Egypt probably.
7

GRAVES WITH DAGGERS AT THE EARLY BRONZE AGE BURIAL GROUND IN LUDANICE-MYTNA NOVA VES (Hroby s dykami na pohrebisku zo starsej doby bronzovej v Ludaniciach-Mytnej Novej Vsi)

75%
Batora J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 2
221-260
EN
Archaeological research of a burial ground at Mytna Nova Ves, the local quarter of Ludanice, in south-western Slovakia was realized within the years 1982, 1984-1989 and 2003. The excavated 600 graves have enriched remarkably the collection of finds dated to the Nitra and Unetice cultures in Slovakia mainly concerning the group of metal artefacts, in which copper or bronze daggers that are the topic of this article are dominating. On the excavated burial ground 14 daggers were found there in 13 graves. As the cultural chronology is concerned, 8 daggers belong to the Nitra culture and 6 to the Unetice culture, which were divided into three basic types (A-C) according to shapes of but and blade and their chronology (A - the oldest type, C - the youngest type). Special attention was paid to their position in graves. As the daggers occurred in male burials exclusively, age categories of the deceased men were observed. The difference in dagger positioning within the male graves of the Nitra culture and the Unetice culture was evident. Coming out from the assumption that daggers in the graves were placed in the way the deceased had wore them in life, daggers situated on a belt on the right side predominated in the Nitra culture and pointed up on the back in the Unetice culture. This different way of dagger wearing can indicate costume variances of the cultures under study and dissimilarities in infighting methods as well. Situating of graves with daggers within the burial ground area showed their noticeable concentration in its western or south-western section. More graves with daggers had free space around that make us think about possible existence of smaller mounds. Members of higher social post, hunters and fighters are presupposed to be buried in the burials with daggers.
8

ANTROPOLOGICKÁ ANALÝZA POHREBISKA NITRIANSKEJ KULTÚRY ZO ZOHORA, OKR. MALACKY

75%
Šefčáková A.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2014
|
vol. 62
|
issue 2
293 – 314
EN
19 individuals (10 non-adults and 8 adults – including four women, three men, one adult and one unspecified individual) were identified during the analysis of 23 graves. Most of them, nine skeletal remains belonged to children aged 0.6 – 15 years and eight to older adults aged 30 – 59 years. Women died younger than men and all adults are older than 30 years. Their skulls appear to be long to very long, and narrow to very narrow, while they are similar to the Early Bronze Age skulls from other sites. Five women and a man have moderately robust arm bones, robust radii and moderately robust femora. According to the height calculated for six adults, they were all, except two women, tall. Cribra orbitalia occurred in three non-adult individuals. One child had injured skull, another one had deformed the left elbow joint and shortened the right femur. An increased number of dental caries (at least four) occurred in seven adult individuals. Even on the skulls of two adults, there were visible injuries. Other abnormalities or pathological changes occur only sporadically.
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