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K sociologii v období normalizace

100%
Machonin
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2004
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vol. 40
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issue 5
643-650
EN
The author of this paper summarizes his personal experience and the experience of some of his colleagues who in 1967 carried out the first stratification and mobility survey in Czechoslovakia with the totalitarian 'normalisation' 1969-1989. He divides the sociology of this period into five streams a) actively supporting normalisation, b) neutrally operating in the offical institutions, c) persecuted by 'Berufsverbot' or in other ways, d) actively operating in dissent, e) operating in exile. The paper refers on the base of personal memories prevailingly to the stream c) and argues that mainly thanks to its activities the achievements of the domestic Czechoslovak sociology in the two normalisation decades were of some significance for knowledge of what was going on in society. The author depicts how the persecuted sociologists found jobs or at least some inofficial opportunities to participate in research mostly with the assistance of institutions of other professional orientations and of the social science institutes in Slovakia, but without assistance from the part of the official sociological institutions in the Czech Lands. Further on he describes the fates of the last spiritual child of the Prague Spring - the book 'Czechoslovak Society' that - in spite of having been taken by the authorities out of bookshops and libraries and severely criticized by the normalisation ideologists - found its readers, reviewers and successors both at home and abroad.
2

AN ATTEMPT AT A LIFE ALTERNATIVE: PRICE FOR SECULARISATION (Dusan Kuzel: 'Lampa')

80%
Barborik V.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2005
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vol. 52
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issue 2
104-117
EN
The study deals with a novel of a Slovak prose writer Dusan Kuzel (1940 - 1985), called 'Lampa' (A Lamp). This work was written in the first half of the 70th but it was published only in 1991. The novel belongs to the many texts at the turn of 60th and 70th, which could not be published in the political and cultural regime after the Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia. It represents a structural, progressively productive and value relevant alternative to officially published literature of that period. The prose 'Lampa' (A Lamp) is an ambitious project, organically joined several traditional novel, types: a novel of journey, scholastic - autodidactic novel as well as a novel with a socially critical intention. The work of Kuzel is also connected with 90th, mainly with its ironical revealing of literary substance, when the theme becomes a literature itself. The novel is a sceptical polemic with 'great stories': and their teleology: with a Christian story of the 'history of salvation', with a socialist story of emancipation of a person of work and then with another 'story of salvation', based on a belief in technological progress. It is also a fathoming of the situation which follows when the big tightly connected narrations lost their credit and emptified: they are situations of non-control, amorphic freedom, which is transformed from an ideal into a phantom.
3

REVENGE IN THE ARMY. PART 2 (ARMY UNDER THE SURVEILLANCE OF MILITARY COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE)

80%
Púčik M.
Vojenská história
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2023
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vol. 27
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issue 4
34 - 66
EN
Based on extensive archival research, the author continues to explore the issue of so-called normalisation in the military environment. It points to the specific ways whereby this process differed from social developments. The aim of the so-called normalisation was to make the army once again a loyal and stabilising pillar of the neo-conservative regime. In addition to the so-called healthy core of military normalisers, a prominent role in the security forces was played by the military counter-intelligence. It permanently exerted pressure to increase the speed of the purges. At the same time, the new party power centre lead by G. Husák was kept in fear of the so-called internal enemy.
4
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Nelegální výzkum veřejného mínění v období normalizace

80%
Siklova J.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2004
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vol. 40
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issue 5
673-679
EN
During the normalisation period in Czechoslovakia in the years 1969-1989, empirical sociology was reduced to monitoring information relevant for Marxist-Leninist ideology. With the exception of politically neutral fields, the data gathered were distorted. Central decision-making authorities, however, needed some information on the opinions of the population. To this end, certain questions were inserted into politically neutral surveys. Data acquired in this manner, however, were only available as a source to the propaganda section of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party. This article, which draws on a text that the authoress originally wrote under a pseudonym for the exile journal 'Testimony' describes these practices. At the initiative of figures in Czech exile, in 1986 a public opinion research study was secretly carried out using a questionnaire with 85 questions on a sample of 342 people, focusing on a comparison of attitudes towards the USSR, the USA, and NATO, and towards prominent politicians in the late 1980s. The results revealed a surprisingly high degree of awareness about alternative, unofficial, and thus banned culture and publications, and about certain suppressed individuals. The empirical data was sent secretly to Paris and there processed by the sociologist Zdenek Strmiska.
5
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Sociologie práce a průmyslu v letech 1965–1989

80%
Havlova J., Sedlacek O.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2004
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vol. 40
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issue 5
651-664
EN
This article presents a synopsis of the development of the Czech sociology of industry between 1965 and 1989. It briefly describes the reconstitution of this sociological sub-discipline in the context of the renewal of Czech sociology in the second half of the 1960s. In the main section of their text the authors survey the activities of various institutions that focused on the sociology of industry after the 1968 Soviet invasion and look at the subsequent 'normalisation' (de facto the politically motivated liquidation) of the Czech social sciences and sociology. As part of the political reprisals against reform-minded sociologists, many of them were not allowed to continue their professional careers at academic institutions, such as the universities or at the Academy of Sciences, and they frequently chose to refocus on the politically less prominent field of industrial sociology. The article concentrates on those non-academic institutions where it was possible to conduct work in the field of industrial sociology: the Institute for Research on Engineering Technology and Economics (VÚSTE), the Institute for Social Analysis (ISA), and some other worksites that existed as branches of research institutes subordinate to different specialised ministries. The authors provide brief descriptions of the main research projects carried out by Czech industrial sociologists in the 1970s and 1980s, an outstanding example of which was the project on non-material working conditions, conducted by the Czechoslovak Institute for Research on Work and Social Issues (CSVÚPSV) and comprising seven sub-projects. The authors also offer a more detailed study of the research projects conducted at the Institute for Social Analysis, such as the socioeconomic analysis of one industrial district in northern Bohemia severely affected by an extreme concentration of heavy industry.
6
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Slovenské aspekty rozvoja sociológie v Československu

80%
Machacek L.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2004
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vol. 40
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issue 5
631-642
EN
The author of the article sets out from the assumption that the historical-sociological reconstruction of the development of sociology in Slovakia in 1959-1989 has several specific features. The first is that scholars specialising in the history of sociological thought tend to focus on earlier periods in the evolution of Slovak sociology and on the study and preservation of the intellectual legacy of figures who were sidelined, not only during normalisation (1970-1989) but even before. The second feature is that the personal memories of and contributions to the study of the process of the revival and institutionalisation of Slovak sociology after 1959 are still primarily provided by participant figures. The third is the peripheral position occupied by Slovakia in the Czechoslovak state, far from the centre of political power. The historical-political factor of the relationship between the centre and the periphery, further reinforced by the rivalry between Czechoslovakism and Slovak nationalism, is pervasive, and must be taken into account if an accurate assessment is to be made of the numerous excesses of normalisation, even in the development of Czechoslovak sociology. In this article the author characterises the two stages of institutional development of sociology in Slovakia in the period of really-existing socialism: 1) re-creation and growth between early 1960's and 1968; 2) initial repression and gradual diversification between 1970 and 1989. The second stage is subdivided into three periods: a) normalisation; b) the professionalisation of sociology and the creation of its socio-technical establishment function (1975-1985); and c) the pluralisation of Slovak sociology, i.e. growing polarisation between its pro- and anti-establishment orientations (1985-1989).
7
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VYUŽITIE KONCEPTU VALORIZÁCIE SOCIÁLNEJ ROLY V SEKTORE SOCIÁLNYCH SLUŽIEB

70%
Repková K.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2016
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vol. 48
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issue 5
454 – 473
EN
The SRV concept, being worked out since the 1970s by W. Wolfensberger et al., has been not still widely exploited in the domestic social science literature. The author brings some arguments about its inspiring values for social research work, even so, for an area of interventions aimed to support valorisation of service users´ roles, mainly in residential long-term care services. She presents some main findings of her own research which are interpreted in the SRV´s optics. Finally, she identifies some distinctive levels on which the role-valorisation interventions should be carried-out.
8

ÚSILIE O HUMANIZÁCIU ČLOVEKA A OBČANA

70%
Kmeť N.
Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy
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2018
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vol. 11
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issue 2
3 – 19
EN
Miroslav Kusý belongs to the generation of intellectuals of the 20th century who never doubted that the implementation of communist ideals would secure peace and prosperity for all humanity. Gradually, however, his opinions ceased to correspond to the party line, and in 1971 he was expelled from the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.After his break with communist ideology, he nevertheless remained committed to Marxism, and this at the time of his open conflict with the Normalization regime. M. Kusý’s persecution culminated in August 1989, when he was taken into custody with Jan Čarnogurský, Hana Ponická, Vladimír Maňák and Anton Selecký were arrested as well. Together, they formed the wellknown Bratislava Five. Kusý advocated reintegration of political science into the system of scientific disciplines as early as the 1960s. He argued in its favour by saying that the former contributes to the understanding of social, political and economic problems. Since 1990, he has significantly contributed to the development of political science in Slovakia and is still one of the leading advocates of human rights. His opinions are always closely monitored and at times trigger negative reactions. Kusý has frequently encountered attacks on his person, his opinions and attitudes in the mass media - not only during the Normalization period but also after 1990. He has always striven to find answers through his own reasoning and fact-finding and to arrive at conclusions that would reflect both the particular period and the level of knowledge of the time. His life stance has garnered him honours including the state awards of the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic and Hungary.
9

REVENGE IN THE ARMY – THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SO-CALLED NORMALISATION PART 1 (FIRST STAGE – FROM AUGUST 1968 TO APRIL 1969)

70%
Púčik M.
Vojenská história
|
2023
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vol. 27
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issue 3
41 - 74
EN
The question of so-called normalisation in the military environment is divided into two parts. The study examines the period of the first stage of this controversial process based on extensive archival research. It points to the specific ways whereby this process differed from social developments. The aim of the so-called normalisation was to make the army once again a loyal and stabilising pillar of the neo-conservative regime. In addition to the so-called healthy core of military normalisers, a prominent role in the security forces was played by the military counter-intelligence. In the first stage particularly, it took on a key role and permanently exerted pressure to increase the speed of the purges. At the same time, the new party power centre lead by G. Husák was kept in fear of the so-called internal enemy.
10
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VPLYV ZAHRANIČNÝCH IMPULSOV NA ZMENU DIVADELNEJ PARADIGMY

61%
Hlaváčová A.
Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)
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2011
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vol. 59
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issue 3
245 – 255
EN
The aim of this paper is a vivid capture of the paradox phenomenon: promotion of the mimicking of the Soviet example, largely on political grounds, was most massively demonstrated in the 1950s and during the “normalisation” period , which had a largely negative impact upon national culture life. However, the situation turned in the 1980s. The socio-political development in the Soviet Union ushered in reform endeavours and it opened up to outstanding culture activity. Czechoslovak power structures did not know how to react to a new situation. Fascinating regrouping in the polarisation of formal culture and dissent takes place, however, a sweeping change in the social climate and the thawing of souls appears to be a slow process. In the retrospect, the authoress probes into the issue, and attempts to analyse the reception of Soviet theatrical productions and drama texts in Slovak theatre and in art schooling of the latter half of the 1980s.
11

BRATISLAVA NA PRAHU – BRATISLAVA PRAHOV (MESTO V EPOCHE NORMALIZÁCIE: ŽIVOTY UNIKAJÚCE DUŠANA KRAUSA)

61%
Barborík V.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2021
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vol. 68
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issue 3
288 – 303
EN
The article takes a look at the representations of Bratislava in Dušan Kraus’s debut novel Životy unikajúce [Lives Leaking; 1979]. It reconstructs the methods that model the city and its image in the context of other portrayals of the urban setting in Slovak prose (Ladislav Ballek: Pomocník [The helper]; Agáty [The locust trees]; Stanislav Rakús: Temporálne poznámky [Temporal notes]). The novel does not name the city in which it takes place, but from the names of locations and the typical spatial arrangements it pertains that the text is set in Bratislava. The differentiation of the spatial structure is complementary with the division of space into the private and public spheres. Social life functions (work and amusement) are situated in the centre while private lives unwind in the new housing estates at the outskirts of the city. Kraus portrayed Bratislava of the normalisation era in line with its period character, i.e. as urbs, but not as civitas (Olivier Mongin: The Urban Condition) – as a city without a public space. The novel works with two semantic layers. The narrative is of factual or even official record character, the symbolic generalisation rests on the double meaning of the title that evokes both a gas leak and the movement of its victims from life to death as well as the city as a fluid, unstable entity where life “leaks” from its inhabitants.
12

VARIANTY „BRANNÉHO SYSTÉMU“ ČSSR (1960 – 1989). MODEL „BRANNÉHO SYSTÉMU“ ČSSR V POČIATOČNEJ FÁZE TZV. NORMALIZÁCIE (III. ČASŤ)

61%
Púčik M.
Vojenská história
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2021
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vol. 25
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issue 3
105 - 127
EN
The study is chronologically divided into four parts. The first part points out the basic factors of geostrategic and geopolitical nature, which influenced the individual variants of the “Defence System”. The other three parts address the issue of this system in the 60s, 70s, and 80s of the last century. They point out the characteristics of the individual models of the “Defence System”, the problems of the solving teams and the inadequate interventions of the party centre of power. The models approved at the time responded not only to changes in the external security environment, but also to the artificially created ideological, so-called internal enemy. The study points to the key role of the military in these systems and the extremely wide range of tasks that other elements had to perform, such as the Civil Defence, the Interior Ministry and national committees at all levels. Extraordinary security measures in the years 1969-1989, which were among the repressive measures of the totalitarian regime in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, also became part of the “Defence System”. These were developed to eliminate any form of resistance. The study also focuses on the specifics of Slovak conditions and points to the tasks of the Eastern Military District, which had to be fulfilled in preparation for the expected scenario of a war conflict. At the same time, this military district had to be prepared to eliminate the so-called internal enemy. During the period of normalization, the influence of the Communist Party in the “Defence System” was significantly strengthened.
13

POETIKA PRÍPRAVY: ČESKÉ A SLOVENSKÉ SCÉNY AUTOBIOGRAFICKÉHO PÍSANIA V 70. A 80. ROKOCH 20. STOROČIA

51%
Kazalarska Z.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 5
364 – 376
EN
This article deals with Czech and Slovak unofficial autobiographical writings (diaries, private letters, notebooks and samizdat sheets) from the normalisation period of the 1970s and 1980s. The author focuses on works by authors such as Ivan Diviš, Ivan Kadlečík, Dominik Tatarka, Ludvík Vaculík a Jan Zábrana and argues that they contribute to a dissident culture of short forms, which was typical for the literature of late socialism in Eastern Europe. Analysing their reflections and meta-reflections on the act of writing, as well as on writing materials, instruments and gestures, she comes to the conclusion that these writers thematise, problematize and make use of the same „scene of writing” (Rüdiger Campe) in their works: the scene of making notes. Defining notes not merely as products, but as a writing praxis with particular instrumental and gestural features, the author draws attention to the following five figures, which are essential for the elaborated programme of making notes: intransitivity, mobility, casualness, tentativeness and excess. In order to illustrate the „poetics of preparation” (Roland Barthes), shared and developed by the examined literary works, she uses as an example a collage by the Czech dissident and exile artist Karel Trinkewitz, in which notes and haiku poems are combined. She concludes that in the interpreted autobiographical writings the scene of making notes comes to the foreground; it is not only an object of narration, reflection and meta-reflection, but turns into a scriptural gesture of resistance towards the writing conditions in the 1970s and 1980s.
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