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PL
Wiele z aktualnych reprezentacji pedagogiki społecznej znajduje wspólne pole w wyrażanej trosce o „to, co społeczne”, „to, co publiczne”; o społeczeństwo. Troska ta przybiera postać kultywowania myśli demokratycznej w warunkach trwającego kryzysu wartości, ugruntowujących założenia demokracji. Warunki te sprzyjają rozwojowi różnego rodzaju konserwatyzmów, wśród nich nasilaniu się kontrowersyjnych społecznie form, w których przejawia się współczesny nacjonalizm. Wypowiedź wokół tych zagadnień skomponowaliśmy w trzech perspektywach: pedagogiki odpowiedzialnej społecznie (Agnieszka Naumiuk); pedagogiki publicznej (Bohdan Skzypczak) oraz pedagogiki miejsca wspólnego (Maria Mendel). Perspektywy te zaproponowaliśmy intencją użytkowania ich jako jednych z wielu aktualnie powstających w obszarze pedagogiki społecznej sposobów postrzegania i zmieniania świata, w którym żyjemy, a którego dzisiaj nie da się już opisać bez licznych odniesień do upowszechniających się form nacjonalizmu.
EN
Many of the current representations of social pedagogy find common ground in the expressed concern for „what is social”, „what is public”; for society. This concern takes the form of cultivating democratic thought in the conditions of an ongoing crisis of values, strengthening the principles of democracy. These conditions are conducive to the development of various types of conservatism, including the intensification of socially controversial forms in which contemporary nationalism manifests itself. We have composed a statement about these issues in three perspectives: socially responsible pedagogy (Agnieszka Naumiuk); public pedagogy (Bohdan Skzypczak) and the pedagogy of the common place (Maria Mendel). We suggested these perspectives with the intention of using them as one of the many ways, currently emerging in the field of social pedagogy, of perceiving and changing the world in which we live, which cannot be described today without numerous references to the popular forms of nationalism.
EN
The aim of this article is to examine the origin of “hot nationalism” in the Balkans. Undoubtedly, this kind of nationalism was the final element of the Balkan Wars, that erupted in 1912. The author presents the hypothesis that all Balkan conflicts have in common many factors. First of all, they were leading to develop of the modern nationalism. The ethnic cleansing, which were conducted during the Balkans Wars became the origin of the next Balkan conflicts in XX and XXI centuries. Furthermore, the most important acts of cruelty, violations, rapes, murders are being described along with the overall as it is being manifested in the case of Macedonia. The crucial source of this article constitutes The other Balkan Wars. A 1913 Carnegie Endowment inquiry in retrospect with a new introduction and reflections on the present conflict by George F. Kennan, written in Washington 1993, based on Carnegie Commission Report (1914), whose authors emphasized that “hot nationalism” manifested itself on the field of battle, drew on deeper traits of character inherited, presumably, from a distant tribal past, a tendency to view the outsider, with dark suspicion, and to see the political opponent as a fearful and implacable enemy to be rendered harmless only by total and unpitying destruction. The author asks the question if the “Eastern nationalism”, the most ferocious nationalism, still causes the threat to the security not only in the South Europe but also in the Old Continent?
PL
The aim of this paper is to examine the origin of “hot nationalism” in the Balkans. Undoubtedly, this kind of nationalism was the final element of the Balkan Wars, that erupted in 1912. The author presents the hypothesis that all Balkan conflicts have in common many factors. First of all, they were leading to develop of the modern nationalism. The ethnic cleansing, which were conducted during the Balkans Wars became the origin of the next Balkan conflicts in XX and XXI centuries. Furthermore, the most important acts of cruelty, violations, rapes, murders are being described along with the overall as it is being manifested in the case of Macedonia. The crucial source of this article constitutes The other Balkan Wars. A 1913 Carnegie Endowment inquiry in retrospect with a new introduction and reflections on the present conflict by George F. Kennan, written in Washington 1993, based on Carnegie Commission Report (1914), whose authors emphasized that “hot nationalism” manifested itself on the field of battle, drew on deeper traits of character inherited, presumably, from a distant tribal past, a tendency to view the outsider, with dark suspicion, and to see the political opponent as a fearful and implacable enemy to be rendered harmless only by total and unpitying destruction. The author asks the question if the “Eastern nationalism”, the most ferocious nationalism, still causes the threat to the security not only in the South Europe but also in the Old Continent?
EN
The main issue of this article is France and Europe in the political program of French National Front and pronouncements of Marine Le Pen. The National Front is a nationalist political party. Nationalism is a political thought, in which the idea of nation and the national state are the superior principle. The National Front was founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen. The current leader of this party is his daughter – Marine Le Pen. She wants to dissolve the European Union. In her opinion the main problem for the European nations is immigration. The nationalist parties in Europe are afraid of multiculturalism, immigrants and Islam.
PL
Głównym zagadnieniem poruszanym w artykule jest Francja i Europa w programie Frontu Narodowego i deklaracjach Marine Le Pen. Front Narodowy jest francuską partią polityczną o proweniencji nacjonalistycznej. Nacjonalizm jest kierunkiem myśli politycznej, w którym idea narodu i państwa narodowego jest wartością nadrzędną. Front Narodowy powstał w 1972 roku. Został założony przez Jeana-Marie Le Pena. Obecnie jego liderką jest jego córka Marine Le Pen. Z jej wypowiedzi wynika żądanie rozwiązania Unii Europejskiej. W jej opinii najważniejszym problemem narodów Unii jest imigracja. Nacjonaliści obawiają się wielokulturowości, imigrantów i islamu.
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