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EN
The need for tighter and more robust supervision of the global financial system was apparent long before nowadays economic crisis burst out. Although Basel I was the cornerstone of the first effort for the imposition of international regulations to banks, soon it was outrun being substituted by Basel II. The economic shock of 2007 financial crisis led the Committee of Banking Supervision of Basel to a new global regulatory framework for the banking system, aiming to strengthening it against future financial crises. In November 2010, a revised Pact of Basel II, named Basel III, was presented to the Seoul G20 Leaders' Summit. Basel III represents a fundamental strengthening of global capital standards. Together with the introduction of global liquidity standards, the new capital standards deliver on the core of the global financial reform agenda. It is argued that the implementation of Basel III will considerably increase the quality of banks' capital and significantly raise the required level of it. In addition, it will provide a "macro prudential overlay" to better deal with systemic risk. Finally, the new package will allow sufficient time for a smooth transition to the new regime. During the last years the Greek banking system has been found itself in the middle of a turmoil bearing successive shocks; first the global financial crisis and later on a side effect of it: Greece's debt crisis. This paper discusses the future implementation of the newly introduced Basel III into a unique context: Can Basel III secure the congruous operation of the banking system in periods of severe fiscal problems? (original abstract)
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EN
One of the foundations published by European Commission for banking union, is fairly controversial conception of foundation within its structure common banking supervision (so-called banking uniform mechanism) performed by European Central Bank. Expected contribution of new institution is to increase financial security of European banks, restore confidence to financial sector and protect it against successive crisis. The aim of this paper is to present the main points of contention for planned project including: supervision location within EBC structure, reduction of non-EURO countries role to the observers in new supervision board of directors, inaccurate roles of future supervision and subjective scope of its actions. It has been also attempted to answer the fundamental question: if creation of banking union is possible in coming years, taking into consideration an import rank of dilemmas mentioned in the paper and others as well (joint guarantee fund, joint rescue fund) for all European Union members which are defending national interests and present different positions in that case.
EN
The basic premise of the introduction of new regulations in the European financial market is to ensure the stability of its operation and to prevent the occurrence of further crises. Taking into account the fact that the effects of past actions taken by governments to improve the situation on the domestic markets are far from desirable, and increasingly louder and boldly began to pull out additional tax demand of institutions conducting banking activities and the creation of the European Union on the basis of the bank. The article attempts to evaluate the proposed solutions in the context of possible economic consequences. Centralize management functions global financial market will be a reality, but the process will be gradual. The introduction of a financial transaction tax on a global scale requires a longer time horizon necessary to carry out the appropriate procedures and implement them in practice.
EN
Changes in the way of achieving the objectives of monetary policy, that have occurred in recent years, determine the evolution of the place and role of modern central banks, including the development of instruments through which they may impact on conditions of the banking sector. The main aim of modern monetary policy has became maintaining financial stability in a long term. So far, the monetary authorities has thought about financial stability as a public good, and has focused at regardless of monetary purposes. Imposed on the central bank an additional goal - financial stability , is now one of the most discussed topics. Moreover, the analysis of monetary policy during escalating banking sector instability of the XXI century, indicates that the implemented instruments have caused significant changes in the philosophy of activity of modern central banks.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest zidentyfikowanie tych elementów procesu zarządzania ryzykiem płynności w banku, które wymagają poprawy ze względu na doświadczenia ostatnich kilku lat. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono problemom identyfikacji ryzyka płynności banku. Rozważania zostały skontrastowane z tradycyjnym podejściem do zarządzania ryzykiem płynności, które dominowało przed wystąpieniem kryzysu finansowego. W centrum uwagi znajdują się nie tylko banki działające w Polsce, ale z uwagi na międzynarodowy wymiar kryzysu finansowego i nowych regulacji, banki w ogólności.
EN
The article touches upon the issues of bank liquidity risk management in the wake of the recent financial crisis and the forthcoming regulatory challenges concerning liquidity risk. The complicated nature of liquidity risk is presented in the paper and an attempt is made to indicate the sources of liquidity risk, highlighting the interlinkages between them.
EN
This paper presents a synthetic assessment of supervisory regulations that have come into force in all countries of the European Union from 1 January 2014, not only in terms of their compliance with the desirable features of modern regulatory regimes but also in terms of their scope and complexity. This analysis found that the thesis of overregulation of banking activities in the EU is justified. However the shape of the supervisory regulations in the European Union is determined by the possibility of establishing and existence of very large banks, combining deposit and lending business with investment business. The change of this situation and the introduction of a complete separation between deposit and lending banking and investment banking - although desirable - does not seem possible at present.
PL
W gospodarce rynkowej cykliczność jest naturalną cechą rozwoju gospodarczego a z cyklicznością wiąże się występowanie kryzysów. Dlatego w gospodarce rynkowej kryzysy były, są i będą. Jednak warto podkreślić, że ze względu na kontekst systemowy kolejne kryzysy nie były, nie są i prawdopodobnie nie będą takie same. Doświadczenia globalnego kryzysu z przełomu dekad XXI w. dostarczają kolejnych argumentów na potwierdzenie tej hipotezy. W odniesieniu do zarządzania ryzykiem oznacza to konieczność nie tylko uwzględniania doświadczeń historycznych, ale przewidywanie wyzwań przyszłości. Jakie są najważniejsze cechy współczesności, które kształtują warunki w jakich ryzyko będzie powstawać, w jakich będzie trzeba nim zarządzać? Jak się do nich przygotować, aby stworzyć warunki skutecznego zarządzania ryzykiem?
EN
Banks should have action plans in place with respect to foreseeable negative or crisis scenarios in order to, in practice, ensure sufficient time to deal with unforeseeable problems. Financial system regulations must be changed in such a way as to effectively limit moral hazard and eliminate conditions that contribute to its emergence. Problems associated with the further development of finance in a direction that is disconnected from the needs of the real economy, as well as market consolidation Problemy i poglądy 91 that is reflected in the growth of entities that are "too big to fail", and even "too big to be effectively rescued", should be a priority for regulators and policymakers. Sanctions in the form of elimination from the market of entities that take on excessive risk can limit moral hazard and enhance market discipline. In a Euro - pean context, an urgent challenge is to develop methods and procedures for the orderly liquidation of banks (resolution). In terms of introducing corrections to the financial system infrastructure, it is necessary to separate discrete types of activity (particularly intermediation vs. investment and trading operations) in order to limit the exposure of consumer bank deposits to investment or trading risk. It is also desirable, even necessary, to simplify the structure of very large banking groups.
PL
Celem opracowania jest ukazanie uwarunkowań, które doprowadziły do wykreowania koncepcji unii bankowej dla strefy euro, w której jednolity mechanizm nadzorczy jest jednym z istotnych elementów tej koncepcji. Unię bankową można zakwalifikować do innowacji, jeśli przyjmiemy, że innowacje związane są z takimi kategoriami jak: zmiana, reforma, nowość. Unia bankowa spełnia te wszystkie cechy, jest bowiem procesem kreowania oraz wdrażania innowacji w sektorze bankowym UGW [Zasady gromadzenia i interpretacji danych dotyczących innowacji, 2008, s. 61]. Odpowiednie akty ustawodawcze powierzyły EBC zadanie nadzoru nad bankami w strefie euro. EBC przed podjęciem funkcji nadzorczych nad bankami uznał za konieczne sprawdzanie sytuacji finansowej przejmowanych pod nadzór banków. Przeprowadzona wszechstronna ocena kondycji finansowej przejmowanych banków, jej wady i zalety są przedmiotem rozważań w niniejszym opracowaniu.
EN
The aim of the study is to show the conditions that led to creation of the concept of Banking union for the Eurozone, in which a Single Supervisory Mechanism is one of the essential elements of the whole concept. Banking union can be classified as an innovation if we assume that innovations are associated with such categories as: change, reform, something new. Banking union accomplishes this, as it is the process of creating and implementing innovations in the banking sector in the Economic and Monetary Union. Relevant legal acts entrusted the task of supervising banks in the euro area to European Central Bank. ECB before undertaking the supervisory functions in the banks found it necessary to check the financial situation of the banks that were supposed to be under its supervision. A comprehensive assessment of the financial condition of the banks, its advantages and disadvantages are explored in this study.
PL
Praca przedstawia problem kształtowania się skłonności gospodarstw domowych do posiadania depozytów podlegających specjalistycznemu zarządzaniu w wybranych krajach strefy euro. Podstawą przeprowadzenia badania było przyjęcie pokryzysowego, jednolitego stanowiska regulacyjnego w zakresie wysokiej wrażliwości owych depozytów na sytuacje szokowe i w długim okresie, a tym samym ich ograniczonej przydatności dla zapewnienia stabilnego finansowania instytucjom kredytowym. Otrzymane wyniki pokazały wyraźne zróżnicowanie grupy państw strefy euro pod względem popularności depozytów specjalistycznie zarządzanych wśród gospodarstw domowych. Badanie pozwoliło zidentyfikować czynniki przesądzające o ich występowaniu, odnoszące się do sytuacji materialno-finansowej oraz wybranych cech demograficzno-społecznych ich posiadaczy. Zróżnicowanie zestawów zmiennych objaśniających analizowane zjawisko w pojedynczych krajach dowiodło heterogeniczności badanego obszaru, podając w wątpliwość istotność znaczenia jednolitych uregulowań.
EN
The paper presents the differences in household propensity to possess managed accounts in the Eurozone countries. The reason to analyse this problem was the adoption of the EU post-crisis regulation about limited use of these deposits for providing high-quality, stable funding for credit institutions in periods of stress and in long-term. The results prove unequal popularity of managed accounts among households from individual countries of the euro area. The research allows to identify factors determining their occurrence, which refer to wealth and socio-demographic features of the respective owners. Heterogeneity of statistically significant sets of covariates for individual countries leads to the conclusion about the limited significance of the single regulation.
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