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1

The Helsinki Process during the Chairmanship of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic in the CSCE in 1992: from Prague to Helsinki

100%

Augustín M.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2023

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vol. 16

149-163

EN

The Helsinki process underwent significant transformations after the fall of the Iron Curtain. The early 1990s were marked by the institutionalisation of the CSCE and the enlargement of the participating states. The destabilisation of several regions and the outbreak of armed conflicts have led to a multiplication of the agenda and activities within the CSCE structures. In 2022 it was exactly 30 years since the CSCE chairmanship country was the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic. In our article, we provide an overview of how the Czechoslovak chairmanship took place in this specific context, what priorities it addressed and what significant events marked it.

2

CULTURE IN AUSTRO-AZERBAIJAN BILATERAL CONTACTS

86%

Kisztelińska-Węgrzyńska A.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2022

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issue 1 (382)

139-161

EN

The paper characterizes bilateral relations between Austria and Azerbaijan, with particular emphasis on culture as a field of cooperation of the two countries. Azerbaijan is an important power in the South Caucasus due to its strategic geographic location and ample energy resources, but it faces challenges to its stability, the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh included. Austrian diplomacy has long been developing relations with the Caucasus states, adopting a clear stance on the Nagorno- Karabakh conflict. The main research problem tackled in the paper concerns the role of culture in bilateral relations between Austria and Azerbaijan. The adopted research hypothesis focuses on the scope of support that can be extended by a country with considerable experience in the growth and promotion of its culture to a country which is in the course of developing its legal and political spheres and wishes to safeguard the role of culture in this process. The paper comprises four parts. Part one describes the tasks of Austria’s public diplomacy, part two discusses the foundations of present day relations between Austria and Azerbaijan, part three highlights activities undertaken jointly by the two countries to safeguard the cultural heritage of Nagorno- Karabakh, and finally part four recaps the cultural component in bilateral relations as well as presents the currently implemented cultural and scientific projects. The conclusions focus on the evaluation of programs, projects and legal regulations signed in the last dozen years, aimed at fostering cooperation between democratic states and a country involved in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. An additional element was the assessment of the cooperation for the protection of the cultural heritage in the conflict area. Support for cultural institutions, scholarship programs, material-heritage protection and education is the best investment in the development of the civil society in developing countries, but is also a tourism incentive and stimulates investment. The bilateral relations between Austria and Azerbaijan aim to develop democratic institutions and the civil society in Azerbaijan, support the growth of the non-oil sectors of its economy and bolster its ability to combat terrorism, trafficking and other transnational crimes.

3

Azerbaijan and the Security Complex of The South Caucasus

72%

Pashaieva K.

Reality of Politics

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2020

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issue 11

13-29

EN

This article reviews the academic literature on the regional security complex of the South Caucasus, which has been drawing the attention of the academic community for a long time. The paper aims to examine the security dynamics in the South Caucasus with a focus on Azerbaijan and a way in which domestic security is interconnected and linked to the region`s neighborhood and global arena. The conceptual framework for the paper is the regional security complex theory, elaborated by Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver. South Caucasus is an unstable region with several secessionist conflicts and interstate wars, exposed to the influence of its neighbors, which shape the regional security environment. Besides, the region is riven by geopolitical fractures as regional states have various foreign policy orientations, which hampers the resolution of regional conflicts and complicates cooperation. The research is carried at three levels of analysis - the domestic level, reviewing internal vulnerabilities and state to state relations, interregional level, examining dynamics between regional and neighboring states, and the last level - global, considering the interplay between regional and the world-leading powers. Correspondingly, sections of the paper study internal challenges and threats of the regional states, examine relations between Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, and their neighborhood - Turkey, Iran, Russia, as well as global powers - the EU and the US to analyze similar and conflicting interests and patterns of influence. The article concludes that the South Caucasus security environment is unstable, hampered by the failure of democratic transformation and unresolved conflicts, namely Nagorno-Karabakh, which Russia uses as a tool to keep Caucasian states in a sphere of its influence. It is evident that Azerbaijan plays a vital role in the production and transit of hydrocarbons from the Caspian region to Europe. Therefore, it is crucial to eliminate threats coming from the region and to ensure the security of energy infrastructure, carrying energy resources westwards.

4

Democratic Development Trends in the Countries of the South Caucasus Region

72%

Nešković S.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2022

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issue 3

215-233

EN

The Caucasus region includes the North and South Caucasus. The author analyzes only the theme of the South Caucasus, which is also called the Caucasus. Democratic development processes in the countries of the region are threatened by permanent conflicts. This is especially the decades of war in the Nagorno-Karabakh province. The South Caucasus sub-region is characterized by the complex structure of the population as a result of historical circumstances and crisis geopolitical trends, as a result of several-year confrontations of great powers in a given area. These countries are located in the southeastern borders of the European Union and belong to Europe and Asia, while the availability of energy resources initiates conflicts with Russia, which considers this area a sphere of vital national interest. Common to all of these countries is the presence of the frozen conflict which is a result of multi-level controversies, territorial misunderstandings and inter-ethnic contradictions. There is also a traditional attempt by Western hegemony to master the observed spaces.

5

Konflikt w Górskim Karabachu – implikacje dla bezpieczeństwa Republiki Azerbejdżanu

72%

Misiągiewicz J.

Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

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2021

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vol. 70

196-209

EN

The aim of the study is to analyze the specifics of the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh and its implications for the security of Azerbaijan. Thus, the genesis of the conflict, its subject and the peace process were determined. Azerbaijan saw the Karabakh conflict as a threat to its territorial integrity and independence, as well as its international role. The agreement of November 2020 can be treated as a success for Azerbaijan, as it legally sanctions the incorporation of most of the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh.

PL

Celem opracowania jest analiza specyfiki konfliktu w Górskim Karabachu oraz jego implikacji dla bezpieczeństwa Azerbejdżanu. Określono tym samym genezę konfliktu, jego przedmiot oraz proces pokojowy. Azerbejdżan postrzegał konflikt karabaski jako zagrażający jego integralności terytorialnej i niepodległości oraz roli międzynarodowej. Porozumienie z listopada 2020 roku można traktować jako sukces polityki Azerbejdżanu, gdyż sankcjonuje prawnie przyłączenie większości terytorium Górskiego Karabachu.

6

Rusko, Turecko a Írán v náhorně-karabašské válce (1992–1994)

72%

Souleimanov E.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

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2013

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vol. 99

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issue 1-2

101-118

EN

This article is an attempt to explore the roles played by three key regional powers in the Armenian-Azerbaijani war over the Nagorno-Karabakh region that was raging on in the period of 1992–1994. The article holds that it was the significance of Azerbaijan as a crucial producer of oil and natural gas from its deposits in the Caspian Sea, that along with the presence of a huge Azerbaijani minority in Iran's northwest shaped the policies of the regional powers toward the Karabakh conflict, and their stance to Yerevan and Baku that contributed to Azerbaijan's eventual defeat in the war.

7

Prawne aspekty konfliktu w Górskim Karabachu: stan obecny i perspektywy

72%

Czachor R.

Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe

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2022

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issue 1

97-125

EN

The following study picks up some important legal problems related to the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh – an Azerbaijani separatist province. The Armenians claim that in 1991 Nagorno-Karabakh effectively abandoned Azerbaijan and declared independence, while the Azeris argue that an armed secession was illegal and the disputed territory de jure remains under their jurisdiction. The paper pays particular attention to the main legal arguments that have been raised by both parties to the conflict. It asserts that under Soviet law the secession of Nagorno-Karabakh was not admissible. Pertain to the contemporary public international law the discussion starts with the conclusion that the principle of territorial integrity prevails over the principle of the self-determination of the peoples. However, all minorities, including the peoples and ethnic groups, should enjoy the right to the social, economic and cultural development. Even though Azerbaijan can claim the right to exercise jurisdiction over disputed territory, it should fulfill all duties of a state under the international covenants of civil, economic, social and cultural rights and the European Human Rights Convention.

PL

Poniższy artykuł podejmuje kilka prawnych problemów związanych z separatystyczną prowincją Azerbejdżanu – Górskim Karabachem. Ormianie twierdzą, że w 1991 roku Górski Karabach skutecznie opuścił Azerbejdżan i stanowi obecnie oddzielne państwo, podczas gdy Azerowie twierdzą, że była to nielegalna, zbrojna secesja, zaś de jure obszar ten pozostaje pod jurysdykcją Azerbejdżanu. W artykule poddano analizie wszystkie główne argumenty prawne podnoszone przez strony sporu. Stwierdzono, że na gruncie prawa radzieckiego secesja była dokonana w sposób naruszający prawo. Na gruncie prawa międzynarodowego ogółem zasada integralności terytorialnej ma pierwszeństwo przed zasadą samostanowienia narodów, aczkolwiek wszystkie mniejszości, także ludy i grupy etniczne, muszą mieć zagwarantowane w danym państwie prawo do zapewnienia rozwoju społecznego, gospodarczego i kulturalnego. Choć Azerbejdżan ma prawo roszczenia o sprawowanie jurysdykcji nad spornym obszarem, to niezbędne jest zagwarantowanie przez jego władze przestrzegania paktów praw człowieka i Europejskiej konwencji praw człowieka.

8

Azerbaijan – Kazakhstan relations: current situation and prospects

61%

Huseynow R.

Przegląd Politologiczny

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2017

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issue 3

139-160

PL

Azerbejdżanu i Kazachstanu nie należy postrzegać jako dwóch państw, które są bliskie sobie tylko ze względu na radziecką przeszłość. W rzeczywistości zamiszkujące Azerbejdżan i Kazachstan grupy etniczne – Azerowie i Kazachowie – pochodzą z większej rodziny narodów tureckich. Braterstwo azero-kazachskie datuje się od samych początków narodów tureckich, które rozprzestrzeniły się z Gór Ałtaju i zostało ugruntowane przez czynnik islamski. Mające wspólną granicę morską na Morzu Kaspijskim Azerbejdżan i Kazachstan są dla siebie ważnymi narodami. Azerbejdżan jest postrzegany jako pomost dający Kazachstanowi dostęp do Turcji i Europy, zaś Kazachstan oferuje Azerbejdżanowi połączenie z Azją Centralną i Chinami. Oba państwa przywiązują wielką wagę do swoich wzajemnych relacji, zarówno dwustronnych, jak i w ramach organizacji międzynarodowych. Relacje te stale się rozwijają i w przeciągu ostatnich dwudziestu pięciu lat trend ten nie zmienia się, ani nie napotyka żadnych przeszkód. Kazachstan uznał terytorialną integralność Azerbejdżanu, co stanowi dla Azerbejdżanu ważne osiągnięcie wobec obecnego konfliktu z sąsiednią Armenią. Oba kraje szybko osiągnęły nawet porozumienie w sprawie statusu prawnego Morza Kaspijskiego, podczas gdy w innych krajach nadmorskich podobnych porozumień nie udało się wypracować. Oba państwa są zainteresowane rozwojem korytarza transportu i energetyki Wschód–Zachód, pozwalającego wykorzystać ich korzystną lokalizację geopolityczną, dzięki której mogą służyć jako pomost między kontynentami.

EN

Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan should not be seen as two states which are close because of their Soviet past. In fact, the titular ethnic groups of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan – Azerbaijanis and Kazakhs – come from a greater Turkic family. Azerbaijani-Kazakh brotherhood takes its roots from the very origins of the Turkic peoples that spread from the Altai Mountains and has been cemented by the Islamic factor. Maintaining maritime borders through the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan are important nations for one another. Azerbaijan is seen as a bridge for Kazakhstan to access Turkey and Europe, while Kazakhstan offers Azerbaijan routes to Central Asia and China. The two countries attach great importance to their mutual relations, both bilateral and within various international organizations. These relations have only increased and not experienced any downturns or problems in the past 25 years. Kazakhstan recognized the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, which is an important deal for Azerbaijan in its current conflict with neighboring Armenia. The countries even reached an agreement on the legal status of the Caspian Sea quite rapidly, while similar accords are still absent with other littoral countries. They are both interested in developing an East-West transport and energy corridor, enjoying a favorable geopolitical location that could serve as a bridge between the continents.

9

Pierestrojka i tragiczne wydarzenia w Sumgaicie

58%

Szmurło Z. T.

Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość

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2013

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vol. 10

267-284

EN

When Mikhail Gorbachev became general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985, started a new course of social and political transformations. His double the „perestroika” („reconstruction”) and „glasnost” („openness”) introduced profound changes in the economy, domestic politics and international relations. Perestroika has led the growth of social activity criticism of the Communist Party. She awoke the national consciousness of the enslaved peoples of the Soviet Union, who wanted to stand out for independence. It also woke feuds between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, and led to the bloody massacres of Armenians living in Azerbaijan. This article has been shown elements of transformation as a result, wake historical memory and national identity of Armenians, who can not be reconciled with the inability to recover the lands in Nagorno-Karabakh, that the decision of Stalin were transferred to Azerbaijan. On the wave of nationalist movements caused by perestroika, there were pogroms in Sumgait Armenian population (February 1988), which largely led to the Armenian-Azerbaijani armed conflict in 1988–1994 in Nagorno-Karabakh. To this day, the question of the nationality of the Nagorno-Karabakh is a matter of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan, has become frozen and dangerous conflict in the post-Soviet space.

10

Zastosowanie metod pokojowego rozstrzygania sporów w konflikcie o Górski Karabach

58%

Kolarz S.

Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne

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2016

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vol. 20

193-208

EN

Application of peaceful means of international disputes resolution in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Over twenty years ago the Armenians inhabiting one of Azerbaijani provinces declared constitution of a new state — the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Hence, the conflict over legal status of this region begun; formally the terrain belongs to Azerbaijan, but it remains under Armenian control. The international community multiplied attempts of mediation and created a Group of Minsk under auspices of OSCE especially for the purpose of resolution of the karabakhi dispute. However, any settlement wasn’t reached so far. Therefore, one may ask whether this conflict may be solved using diplomatic means of international disputes resolution?

11

Przyczyny II wojny o Górski Karabach i jej wyniki

58%

Nogalski S.

Przegląd Geopolityczny

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2021

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vol. 37

75-91

EN

The Nagorno-Karabakh War, which took place in 2020, is not only a local territorial-ethnic dispute, but also a game between the superpowers for influence in the South Caucasus. This is an important geostrategic region, as Zbigniew Brzezinski was already aware of when he laid out the rules of his "Grand Chessboard". The purpose of this work is to identify the catalysts for the outbreak of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and its winners and losers in geopolitical terms. In addition, the author describes the genesis of the conflict and its course from the beginning to the latest stage, as well as profiles and interests of the various players in the game for the South Caucasus - a mountainous, resource-rich region located at the crossroads of important trade routes and at the junction of geopolitical spheres of influence.

PL

Wojna o Górski Karabach, jaka rozegrała się w 2020 roku, jest nie tylko lokalnym sporem terytorialno-etnicznym, ale także rozgrywką między mocarstwami o wpływy na Kaukazie Południowym. Jest to ważny region geostrategiczny, z czego sprawę zdawał sobie już Zbigniew Brzeziński, kiedy układał reguły swojej „Wielkiej Szachownicy”. Celem niniejszej pracy jest ustalenie katalizatorów wybuchu II wojny o Górski Karabach oraz jej zwycięzców i przegranych w ujęciu geopolitycznym. Poza tym, autor przybliża genezę konfliktu i opisuje jego przebieg od początku do najnowszej odsłony, jak również przedstawia sylwetki i interesy poszczególnych graczy w rozgrywce o Kaukaz Południowy - górzysty, bogaty w surowce region znajdujący się na skrzyżowaniu ważnych szlaków handlowych i na styku geopolitycznych stref wpływów.

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The Helsinki Process during the Chairmanship of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic in the CSCE in 1992: from Prague to Helsinki

CULTURE IN AUSTRO-AZERBAIJAN BILATERAL CONTACTS

Azerbaijan and the Security Complex of The South Caucasus

Democratic Development Trends in the Countries of the South Caucasus Region

Konflikt w Górskim Karabachu – implikacje dla bezpieczeństwa Republiki Azerbejdżanu

Rusko, Turecko a Írán v náhorně-karabašské válce (1992–1994)

Prawne aspekty konfliktu w Górskim Karabachu: stan obecny i perspektywy

Azerbaijan – Kazakhstan relations: current situation and prospects

Pierestrojka i tragiczne wydarzenia w Sumgaicie

Zastosowanie metod pokojowego rozstrzygania sporów w konflikcie o Górski Karabach

Przyczyny II wojny o Górski Karabach i jej wyniki