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EN
Based on several field research trips between 2007 and 2011, this study presents data in the neglected field of research on urban Bushmen dwellers. It describes the limited economic opportunities and coping strategies of the !Xun Bushmen living in the township Omulunga of the town Grootfontein in the north of the commercial farming area in Namibia.
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EN
Relations between Germany and Namibia are still heavily influenced by colonialism. As part of the scramble for Africa in the 1880´s, the German Empire came to what is now Namibia and created German South-West Africa. Germany remained the colonial power of the territory until 1915. The period of colonial rule was marked by the genocides of the Hereros and the Namas tribes. This article focuses on the current political climate within Federal Republic Germany and how the nation is dealing with the difficulties of its colonial past. It is clear how strained relations are between the colonizer and the former colony. It should be noted that Germany has undertaken reconciliatory steps this year (which marks the 100th anniversary of the end of German rule over Namibia) in order to deal with its history.
EN
The history of the Republic of Namibia began in 1990 when the declaration of independence was proclaimed, after 25 years of liberation struggle with South Africa regime. However the national identity had been shaping many years before. One of the most important component of creating „one Namibia, one People, one Nation” (which was a SWAPO slogan from party’s project of 1973) were camps: civil for refugees and military for freedom fighters organized by People’s Liberation Army of Namibia, located in Angola, Zambia and Tanzania. The purpose of the article is introducing the most crucial moments of Nambian camps history, selected elements of their daily life and the role of the camps in contemporary Namibia.
PL
Republika Namibii ogłosiła niepodległość w 1990 r., po ponad 25 latach wojny o wyzwolenie spod południowoafrykańskiej dominacji. Tożsamość młodego narodu wykuwała się jednak znacznie wcześniej, a jeden z najważniejszych elementów budowania wspólnoty, która zawierała się w haśle SWAPO „jedna Namibia, jeden człowiek, jeden naród”, stanowiły obozy dla cywilnych uchodźców i oddziałów partyzanckich Ludowej Wyzwoleńczej Armii Namibii (PLAN), znajdujące się w Angoli, Zambii i Tanzanii. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wskazanie kluczowych momentów w historii namibijskich obozów w Angoli, wybranych elementów ich funkcjonowania oraz roli, jaką odegrały w dziejach młodego państwa i jego mieszkańców.
EN
Among many conflicts between United States and Soviet Union during the cold war era, one of the longest were Namibia’s independence war and civil war in Angola. In the historiography, especially South Africa’s literature, both of them are linkaged and known as Border War. However, Namibians had begun their struggle in 1966, twenty years later there was no perspective to finisz the war. The major breakthrough appeared in 1987–1988 thanks to series of meetings between president of the US, Ronald Reagan and general secretary of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. The key role played the year 1988. One year later United Nations has implemented Resolution 435 of Security Council from 1978. From that day, South Africa Defence Forces were beginning withdrawal from Namibia’s territory. This article refers about the most characteristic and important aspects of United States’ and Soviet Union’ negotiations in 1987–1988, especially before and during Moscow summit in May and June 1988.
PL
Spośród wielu sporów istniejących między Stanami Zjednoczonymi a Związkiem Sowieckim w czasie zimnej wojny jednymi z trwających najdłużej była wojna o niepodległość Namibii i wojna domowa w Angoli, w literaturze traktowane niekiedy jako jeden konflikt, nazywany południowoafrykańską wojną o granice. Walka Namibijczyków o wolność trwała od 1966 r., jednak 20 lat później wciąż nie było widać perspektyw szybkiego zakończenia konfliktu. Przełom nastąpił w latach 1987–1988 dzięki seriom spotkań i negocjacji, jakie odbyły się między administracją prezydenta USA Ronalda Reagana i sekretarza generalnego KPZS Michaiła Gorbaczowa. Dla rozwiązania kwestii Namibii kluczowym rokiem był 1988 dzięki podpisaniu w Nowym Jorku grudniowych porozumień między władzami Angoli, Kuby i RPA. Rok później rozpoczęto realizację Rezolucji Rady Bezpieczeństwa ONZ nr 435, a wojska południowoafrykańskie zaczęły stopniowo opuszczać terytorium Namibii. Artykuł ma na celu wskazać najważniejsze aspekty negocjacji między USA i ZSRS w sprawie Namibii w latach 1987–1988, głównie przed szczytem i w czasie jego trwania (Moskwa, przełom maja i czerwca 1988 r.).
EN
As with many countries worldwide, Namibia is, despite its relatively small population and stable government, facing some significant environmental problems. This research sought to determine how a group of potentially influential tertiary-level students perceived the state of the environment in Namibia. To this end, a cohort of 20 preservice science teachers were interviewed to determine their perceptions of the environmental issues facing Namibia. The majority of the cohort identified deforestation as the major such issue. They also associated this concern with other problems such as soil erosion, salinity, and desertification. Some also raised concerns about global warming and associated climate change; several of the preservice teachers believed the country was already experiencing the effects of this. Although the population of Namibia is quite small relative to its area, the future teachers perceived population growth as a problem contributing to both environmental and social problems. All viewed education as key to reducing family size and alleviating social and environmental problems. However, none of the cohort made any connection between increasing patterns of consumption and environmental degradation.
PL
Jak wiele krajów na całym świecie, Namibia, poza względnie niewielką populacją i stabilnym rządem, boryka się z poważnymi problemami środowiskowymi. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań ukierunkowanych na określenie, w jaki sposób grupa potencjalnie wpływowych studentów trzeciego stopnia pedagogiki postrzega stan środowiska w Namibii. W tym celu przeprowadzono wywiady z grupą 20 przyszłych nauczycieli, aby zbadać ich postrzeganie wyzwań środowiskowych, przed jakimi stoi Namibia. Większa część respondentów stwierdziła, że głównym problemem jest wylesianie. Kojarzyli oni również zagrożenia środowiskowe z erozją, zasoleniem oraz pustynnieniem. Niektóre osoby wskazywały na globalne ocieplenie i powiązane z nim zmiany klimatyczne, kilku studentów uważało, że kraj już cierpi z powodu tych zjawisk. Pomimo że populacja Namibii jest dość niewielka w porównaniu do jej powierzchni, przyszli nauczyciele uznali wzrost liczby ludności za problem zarówno środowiskowy, jak też społeczny. Wszyscy respondenci postrzegali edukację jako klucz do zmniejszenia wielkości rodzin oraz złagodzenia problemów środowiskowych i społecznych. Jednak żaden z uczestników badania nie powiązał degradacji środowiska z umacniającymi się wzorcami konsumpcyjnymi.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the involvement of Poles in peacekeeping missions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction characterises the significance of peacekeeping missions and their distinctive features. Attention is drawn to controversies surrounding such operations in the postcolonial world in the context of the Cold War rivalry between superpowers and the functioning of the United Nations. The participation of Poles in three missions is then discussed: in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Namibia. The article ends with a comparative analysis of the factors determining participation in operations (institutional and political determinants and – to a lesser extent – individual motives), as well as showing the evolution of the forms of involvement of Poles: from observers in Nigeria, through participants in a humanitarian mission in Ethiopia, to experts and logistics specialists in Namibia.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zaangażowania Polaków w misje pokojowe w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej. We wstępie scharakteryzowano znaczenie misji pokojowych, ich cechy dystynktywne. Zwrócono uwagę na kontrowersje towarzyszące operacjom w świecie postkolonialnym w kontekście zimnowojennej rywalizacji mocarstw oraz funkcjonowania ONZ. Następnie omówiono udział Polaków w trzech misjach: w Nigerii, Etiopii i Namibii. Artykuł kończy się analizą porównawczą czynników decydujących o udziale w operacjach (determinantów instytucjonalno-politycznych oraz – w mniejszym stopniu – pobudek indywidualnych), a także ukazaniem ewolucji form zaangażowania się Polaków: od obserwatorów w Nigerii, przez uczestników misji humanitarnej w Etiopii, do ekspertów i specjalistów z dziedziny logistyki w Namibii.
EN
During the second half of the 18th century and the first three decades of the 19th century, we may observe an intensive process of cultural exchange between frontier farmers (trekboers) and local populations (mostly Khoisan). There emerge new kind of community – Oorlams: Africans and peoples of mixed origin who adopted many traces of colonial material, intellectual and spiritual culture. They were essential in spreading those elements of colonial culture (horses, firearms, commando system, cloths, proto-Afrikaans) into an interior, which were in turn adopted by other African groups.
EN
In 1850 the Holy See entrusted missionary work in South Africa to a young at that time congregation of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate. Oblates undertook that work and after some time divided their work in the 19th century into five different regions. At first they began their work in Natal, after that in Basutoland (now Lesotho), in the Free Orange State, in Transvaal, and at the end of the century also in Cymbebasie (today Namibia). As the first Oblate mission in Africa, this activity remains a point of reference to the further development of the conception of the Oblate missions in Africa.
EN
This paper initially deals with the origins of the idea of global education. It points to the multitude of internationally existing concepts and business terms of global education which makes it difficult to implement the global dimension into real-life education. This “international” multitude is, as a result, obvious in the Czech terminology of global development education (GRV in the Czech text) where it originates as particular authors followed one or the other concept of global education. The objective of this paper is not to discuss the correctness or ambiguities in particular conceptions but to find essential contact points in relevant references and thus to offer a determinate picture regarded as GRV. Thus the paper firstly describes the interrelation of often confused concepts of global education and development education. Although it is obvious that the global education is superordinate to development education, many interested parties did not fully understood the international points of view and did not expose the meanings of particular terms. This too was the reason that in the Czech National Strategy GRV 2011–2015, the GRV was coined as a specific term. GRV is then a kind of happy medium between global education and development education. Secondly, the main topics and principles of GRV originating in the National Strategy of Development Education 2011–2015 (based on the British curriculum) are discussed along with their possible modifications and more exact definitions. The article also focuses on a “global development of an educated pupil.” The main educational objectives of GRV are listed and the importance of their differentiation by the age groups of the pupils. In the conclusion, the paper provides samples of topics for GRV of primary school children, the topic being Namibia, the African country.
EN
The paper is dedicated to the difficult problems of support for children with disabilities and their families in Namibia. Through the description of a sociocultural environment, the specificity of education and integration of the children is presented. The paper contains information about the forms of support and aid organizations for families of children with disabilities.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony trudnym problemom wsparcia dzieci z niepełnosprawnością i ich rodzin w Namibii. Poprzez opis sytuacji społeczno-kulturowej przedstawiono specyfikę edukacji i integracji tych dzieci. Artykuł zawiera informację na temat form pomocy i organizacji niosących pomoc dla rodzin dzieci z niepełnosprawnością.
PL
The purpose of the essay is to analyse the historiographical images of genocides in three parts of Africa: the Congo Free State, the German South-West Africa and the Kenya Colony. The article concentrates on three books, recently translated into Polish: Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya; David Olusoga, Casper W. Erichsen, The Kaiser’s Holocaust. Germany’s Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism; Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa. The comparative review of these books clearly shows that genocides in Africa were not “invented” by Africans, like most people think, but transmitted by Europeans. Remembering these facts is important in the process of “decolonising the mind” – breaking the intercultural stereotypes and changing the social identity of former colonists and colonized people as well.
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