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1
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The necropolis at Tell el-Farkha reconsidered

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Dębowska-Ludwin J.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2010
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vol. 2
5-20
EN
Works on the necropolis at Tell el-Farkha have reached the 9th season and resulted in locating over 100 burials. In this situation, almost every succeeding campaign was bringing such a number of new data that preliminary statements were continuously being changed almost year by year. Numerous analyses of pottery, stone vessels, architectural details and stratigraphy, finally, seem to lead to some more profound conclusions. According to them, all graves at Tell el-Farkha have been divided into 3 main chronological groups. Group 1 is the oldest one. It is dated back from Naqada IIIB phase to the middle of Dynasty 1. People buried in the graves of this group represented wealthy society, and they also experimented, trying to reach a perfect grave form. The process is the best explanation of the presence of so many “strange” structures and differences in position of the deceased, but on the other hand, also numerous elements of typically early dynastic burial custom (e.g. niche façades or subsidiary burials) seem to emerge in that time. Tombs belonging to the group 2 come from the middle of Dynasty 1 to late Dynasty 1 or even to early Dynasty 2. Main social features they express are stressing of wealth inequality and presence of clearly definite and quite strictly obeyed rules of burial ritual. However the graves of the younger group are clearly a continuation of the older custom and so the origin of both societies must have been similar, the changes in orientation of tombs as well as examples of younger burials cutting into older ones suggest that both groups were divided by short break in occupation of cemetery. The final phase (group 3) of the cemetery at Tell el-Farkha was surely separated from the previous ones by a much longer period of time. The tombs representing phase in question are distributed only in the highest part of the tell, and may be dated on the basis of stratigraphic observations to the beginning of the Old Kingdom. They characterise of very simple burial custom (all the bodies were found resting in simple pits) and are hardly equipped with any objects.
2
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Tell el-Farkha: archaeological fieldwork 2016–2017

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Chłodnicki M., Ciałowicz K. M.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2018
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vol. 27(1)
123-148
EN
The paper discusses archaeological investigations carried out on all three tells making up the site of Tell el-Farkha, expanding on the findings from earlier seasons. Phasing of the brewery discovered four years ago on the Western Kom gave a time range for the use of the installation from the first Southern Egyptian occupation (Naqada IID) to the Naqada IIIA1/2–IIIB phase, when a catastrophic fire destroyed the entire settlement. The big Naqada warehouse on the Central Kom was also phased (beginning in Naqada IIIA1) and further parts of an underlying building attributed to the Lower Egyptian culture were explored, including a wooden fence around the structure. The 11 graves explored on the Eastern Kom were dated to the Tell el-Farkha Phase 6 (Naqada IIIC2–IIID). They cut into a building (temple?) from an earlier phase.
3
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Tell el-Farkha: archaeological fieldwork 2018–2019

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Chłodnicki M., Ciałowicz K. M.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
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vol. 29(2)
59-82
EN
The Tell el-Farkha site, which has been excavated since 1998, is formed of three tells. All three were excavated in the course of the two seasons, reopening already established trenches. Breweries discovered earlier on the Western Kom were explored, two completely, two in the early stages of exploration. Thick poorly preserved mud-brick walls were unearthed northeast of one of the breweries. Remains of a multi-roomed structure continued to be cleared in the northern trench on the Central Kom. D-shaped red bricks in this area suggest the presence of a brewery in the vicinity. A Naqada IIB and IIC settlement was recognized in the southern trench: storage pits, postholes, and furrows from a big house built of wood. A part of a settlement dated to the Tell el-Farkha Phases 3 and 4 (Naqada IID2–mid IIIB) was explored on the Eastern Kom. Of greatest interest is a structure composed of rectangular rooms around an open space, probably a courtyard. Three graves were discovered including one dated to the Naqada IIIB with the first pottery coffin discovered at Tell el-Farkha.
4
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Excavations at the Western Kom at Tell el-Farkha 2009–2010

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Ciałowicz K.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2011
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vol. 3
157-178
EN
Fieldworks at the Western Kom were carried out within the older trench that had been opened in 2006–2007 and further excavated in 2008. The important excavation results are related to architectural remains. Beneath the chapel with votive deposits next structures with storage vessels inside were discovered. Absence of architectural remains in the south-eastern part of the tell proved that in the Naqada III A-B the Western Kom was inhabited in a much smaller area that it was later. The upper layers excavated during these campaigns are connected to phase 4 at Tell el-Farkha (i.e. Naqada IIIA) and the lower layers to phase 3 (Naqada IID2/IIIA). Discovered stone and flint tools points than the stone vessels workshop was strictly connected to the cultic shrine. Analysis of animal remains and pottery confirm the exceptional role of these area in the Proto- and beginning of the Early Dynastic periods and we have gained a very strong evidence, that the Western Kom was the most significant area of the site in Tell el-Farkha and was related to the local elite. The imitations of Palestinian vessels and numerous pottery fragments of Near Eastern origin point to well developed trade with the Near East. Another proof for such activities are small objects of various shapes, which were probably used as tokens. They were discovered at all three tells in Tell el-Farkha.
5
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Tell el-Farkha: archaeological fieldwork 2014–2015

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Chłodnicki M., Ciałowicz K. M.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2016
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vol. 25
227-253
EN
The archaeological site of Tell el-Farkha is composed of three mounds excavated continuously by the Polish team since 1998. In the 2014 and 2015 seasons, covered in this report, investigations were carried out in already opened trenches in three sectors. On the Western Kom, another brewery was explored to add to the already existing set of investigated installations of this kind. It demonstrated three phases of use, the topmost separated from the middle one by a thick layer of burnt soil and ashes. The deposit attests to a conflagration that consumed the entire settlement. The study of a huge Naqadian building was continued on the Central Kom. Two occupation phases were distinguished: an older one at the beginning of the Naqada IIIA1 period and a younger one attributed to Naqada IIIA1–IIIA2. Remains of Lower Egyptian structures were unearthed below the foundations of this building. A big clay stamp-seal with hieroglyphs from the mid First Dynasty period was found associated with this feature. On the Eastern Kom, a big mud-brick edifice of unknown function was investigated. A further 17 graves, mostly from the second half of the First and the beginning of the Second Dynasty, were discovered as well.
6
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Excavations at the Western Kom at Tell el-Farkha 2011–2012

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Ciałowicz K.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2013-2014
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vol. 5-6
233-247
EN
Excavations at the Western Kom were continued within a former trench that had been opened in 2006–2007, extended to the north in 2009 and further excavated in the next season. On the interior face of the eastern wall of Room 240 associated with the Protodynastic administrative-cultic centre, traces of thin wooden posts were preserved. Wooden planks had been fixed to it, thus forming a kind of an inner cladding of this wall. A complex of rooms of clearly utilitarian function was unearthed in the northern and south-eastern part of the trench. The pottery uncovered in Seasons 2011– 2012 indicates that the upper layers excavated during the campaign are contemporaneous with the end of Phase 4 at Tell el-Farkha (i.e., Naqada IIIA1/IIIB) and the deeper layers with Phase 3 (Naqada IID2/IIIA1). Fragments of imported Near Eastern pottery were discovered, notably fragments of so called Tell Erani C style vessels and a small piece of a vessel with white stripe-painted decoration, which has its counterpart only in Megiddo, Israel. On the stratigraphic interface of the administrativecultic centre and the Naqada residence, a brewery dated to Naqada IIIA1 was uncovered.
7
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New Discoveries at Tell el-Farkha and the Beginnings of the Egyptian State

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Ciałowicz K. M.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2017
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vol. XXX
231–250
EN
Tell el-Farkha was an important centre already in Predynastic times, when a great Lower Egyptian culture complex was erected on the Central Kom. Items found inside confirmed both the significant role played by the local elite and its relationship with the Levant and Upper Egypt. The first large Naqadian building was erected outside the town centre. This building and the whole settlement were destroyed (Naqada IIIA1) by the next group of Naqadians, probably connected with another political centre. They were the constructors of the oldest Egyptian mastaba. During the reign of Iry-Hor (middle of Naqada IIIB), the third group of Naqadians appeared at the site. The period between Naqada IIIA and middle of IIIB phase seems to have been a period of competition between the most influential Naqadian proto-kingdoms. In the middle of the First Dynasty, Tell el-Farkha changed its role: from the capital of a part of the Eastern Delta to a provincial town of only economic significance.
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