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Nałęczów w czasie I wojny światowej – wybrane wydarzenia

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Babinicz-Witucka J.

Ochrona Zabytków

2015

issue 1

5-22

The article refers to certain events from World War I, which took place in Nałęczów and its nearby areas. Their direct witnesses were four inhabitants of that town: two authors of the diaries – Łucja Hornowska and Jadwiga Malewska, the author of the memoirs – Mieczysław Rogalski, and Zbigniew Czarkowski – a local photographer. There were no fights in Nałęczów, however, the local health resort infrastructure, as well as the numerous guest houses for patients were used for military purposes as medical infrastructure for the front and places of accommodation. At the end of September 1914, the Russian field hospital of the 87th Brigade of the 145th Novocherkassk Infantry Regiment was installed in the town. The authors of memoirs and diaries describe the sounds of artilleries of the sides fighting with each other during the Galicia Operation (18 August – 11 September 1914), in particular, during the battles of Komarów and Kraśnik, and recollect hundreds of wounded people brought to Nałęczów. Further descriptions are connected with the battles of Warsaw and Ivangorod (Dęblin) on 28 June – 8 November 1914 and with the march-past of the forces taking part in those events. In May 1915, after the battle of Gorlice, Nałęczów witnessed the withdrawal of Russian forces and a short stay of Duke of Oldenburg, a chief of common evacuation. The evacuation of Russians through Nałęczów lasted until the end of July 1915. At that time, General Stegman’s artillery brigade, General Mishchenko’s corpse, General Ragoza’s corpse and General Kisielewski’s brigade marched through that area. Austrian and German forces marched into Nałęczów on 30 July 1915. Soon after, the Germans withdrew and the region of Nałęczów found itself under the Austro-Hungarian occupation. The capital of the newly-formed government was established by Austrians in Lublin on 1 October 1915. In early autumn, Archduke Joseph Ferdinand was lodged in Nałęczów for nearly two weeks. The military activities, which continued from the summer 1914, made the life of civilians very difficult. In order to counteract the difficulties, on 10 August 1914, in Nałęczów, like in the entire Congress Poland, by consent of the authorities, the Citizens’ Committee was established. In autumn 1915, after the Main Rescue Committee had been established in the territory under the Austrian occupation, the Citizens’ Committee was renamed the Rescue Committee with the scope of activities similar to the one of the Citizens’ Committee. After the Russians had left Congress Poland, the independence movement had greater opportunities for development, since Austrian authorities gave much of a freedom to local organizations. The independence movement, inspired by National Divisions, formed in many locations, developed under the Austrian occupation. One of the National Divisions was also created in Nałęczów. On its initiative, important anniversaries, like the anniversary of the January Uprising or the 125th anniversary of adopting the Constitution of May 3, were celebrated. In November 1916, the 6th Infantry Regiment of Polish Legions came for a rest to Nałęczów and quartered there for over a month. The legionists initiated the Polish Military Organization and an underground recruit school in the town. All events important for the town were documented by Zbigniew Czarkowski, a local photographer. He is also the author of most of the photographs illustrating the article.

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1 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Babinicz-Witucka J.

1 2015

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Nałęczów w czasie I wojny światowej – wybrane wydarzenia