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EN
The aim of this paper is to explore the gendered discourse about women in early New England and how it contributed to shaping the female experience in the patriarchal Puritan society. The gendered discourse identified and assessed the role and position of seventeenth-century colonial American women, who recognized with silent acceptance their subordination to the male authority. Gendered language was used to articulate theories of hierarchy and obedience and thus to rationalize the New England social structure and order. Contemporary texts, which reiterated stereotypes about sexual and gendered behaviors, used social platform to demonstrate prejudiced views on the status of women.
EN
Some scholars believe that the cuisine of New England was bland and austere because of the religion. Although ascetism was crucial for the Puritan communities which settled the region, more important was diligent righteous life, thus fasting was never as important for the Puritans as it was for the Catholics. In fact only gluttony was considered to be sinful. This text will confront the thesis assuming that the New England’s cuisine was bland and will examine religion’s impact on New England’s foodways. The text will describe not only the most typical products and dishes, but also customs connected with cuisine. The Puritans did not have to fast all the time (as some would say). The most obvious evidence of that is consent to revelries and customs connected with Thanksgiving Day. The holiday itself was promoted by the local ministers as an alternative to Christmas which was rather not celebrated and in New England. Preachers would encourage people to feast provided they do not feel too much connection to the worldliness. The text will also focus on products strongly connected to the region. Coastal New England is a region rich in fish and various types of seafood. However despite fishing’s role in the history of the region, occupations such as fishermen were usually held in low regard among the first settlers. The holy day of Sabbath was also important for development of local culinary customs. All the characteristic features of the early cuisine of this region were connected to the religious practices and world views of the settlers. They had also their influence on characteristics of contemporary New England’s cuisine. Thus we can say that New England’s example shows how vast the impact of religion can be and that it can affect every field of life.
3
63%
Tematy i Konteksty
|
2023
|
vol. 18
|
issue 13
370-377
PL
Artykuł dotyczy powieści Mary E. Wilkins Freeman Pembroke (1894). Powieść jest interpretowana w kontekście wielopłaszczyznowego kryzysu Nowej Anglii po wojnie secesyjnej, obejmującego nie tylko demografię (straty wojenne w populacji męskiej) czy gospodarkę (bankructwo fabryk tekstylnych w regionie, przejęcie handlu morskiego przez Nowy Jork), lecz także kultury opartej na tradycji purytanskiej sięgającej XVII wieku. Autorka umieściła wprawdzie akcję w latach 1830-tych, jednak zarówno data publikacji książki, jak i realia miasteczka na nowoangielskiej prowincji wskazują na okres znacznie późniejszy. Wilkins Freeman kontynuuje w Pembroke realistyczną konwencję przedstawieniową tzw. "powieści domowej", sięgającą roku 1822, łącząc ją zarazem z elementami gotyckimi bliskimi romantycznej prozie Nathaniela Hawthorne'a. Konkluzja opiera się na rozumieniu kultury przez Jacquesa Lacana (Realne - Wyobrażeniowe - Symboliczne). Porządek symboliczny ufundowany na patriarchalnie zdefiniowanym "Imieniu Ojca" ulega w Pembroke rozpadowi poprzez regresję do wyobrażeniowej relacji dziecka z matką, kwestionujacej tradycyjną pozycję ojca. Innym kluczowym symptomem upadku spuścizny purytańskiej jest utrata zdolności komunikowania się przez postaci męskie i kobiece, co stawia pod znakiem zapytania przyszłość wspólnoty.
EN
The article is an interpretation of Mary E. Wilkins Freeman’s novel Pembroke (1994). Even though it is set in the third decade of the 19th century, the year of publication suggests that it just as well refers to the condition of New England after the Civil War. Hit by a complex crisis, concerning demography, economy, and mores, after 1865 the region entered a stage of decadence. Wilkins Freeman diagnosed its symptoms, such as the collapse of interpersonal communication and the hypertrophy of individual will, showing that the portents of the decline of Puritan heritage had its roots in the first half of the century. With time, the symbolic system of New England culture collapsed and gave way to a new social order.
Nurt SVD
|
2013
|
issue 2
123-133
PL
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest chrześcijańskiej działalności misyjnej wśród Indian Ameryki Północnej w wieku XVII. Punktem wyjścia rozważań jest – słabo naświetlony w literaturze przedmiotu, a bardzo interesujący w aspekcie rywalizacji międzywyznaniowej – fakt spotkania w Wigilię roku 1650 w Roxbury (Nowa Anglia) francuskiego jezuity o. Gabriela Druillettes’a i purytańskiego pastora Johna Eliota. Obu uważano za sztandarowe postaci katolickiej i protestanckiej akcji misyjnej. Przedmiotem szczegółowego opisu jest aktywność J. Eliota, nazywanego „apostołem Indian”. Motywacje, program działań, metody i rezultaty aktywności J. Eliota przedstawione zostały na tle duchowości purytańskiej i skonfrontowane z akcją jego katolickich rywali. Głównie jednak uwaga została skupiona na kaznodziejskiej, translatorskiej i organizacyjnej płaszczyźnie działań Eliota oraz ocenie ich rezultatów w kontekście tzw. wojny króla Filipa (1675-1676).
EN
The present article is dedicated to Christian missionary activities among the Indians of North America in the seventeenth century. The starting point for this consideration is – poorly exposed in the literature, and very interesting in terms of inter-profession rivalry – the event of meeting on Christmas Eve 1650 in Roxbury (New England) of the French Jesuit Father Gabriel Druillettes and the Puritan preacher John Eliot. They were both considered as the flagship of Catholic and Protestant missionary activity. The subject of a detailed description is J. Eliot’s activity who was called “the apostle of Indian.” The motivations, the programme of activities, methods, and results of J. Eliot’s activity – were presented against the Puritan spirituality and confronted with the action of the Catholic rivals. Mainly, however, attention has been focused on preaching, translating and organizational level of Eliot’s activities as well as on the evaluation of the results in the context of the so-called King Philip’s War (1675-1676).
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