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1

Константинопол; Никeя; Михаил Хониат; Михаил VIII Палеолог

100%

Leszka M.

Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia

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2012

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vol. 19

39-49

PL

Bithynian Nicaea functioned as a capital of the Byzantine state for just under sixty years. Despite that temporariness, the city was able to perform a majority of the roles of the capital ‘Constantinopolitan style’. It was a residence of an emperor and a patriarch, a place of the imperial coronations, a centre of culture and science, a stately city under particular imperial protection. It lacked but one, irretrievable feature – it was not Constantinople itself. Michael Choniates wrote that Nicaea was a Babylon for the Byzantines and after completing their repentance there they would be allowed to return to the City, their ‘promised land’. That prophecy was fulfilled in the summer of 1261, when Constantinople fell into the hands of Michael VIII Palaeologus.

2

Rola Nikei jako centrum bizatyńskiego świata po 1204 roku

89%

Bonarek J.

Vox Patrum

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2014

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vol. 62

73-80

EN

After the turbulent events of 1204 and after gaining the power by the Latins in Constantinople, Nicaea was supposed to become the center of post-Byzantine world as the capital of a country newly created by Theodore I Laskaris. It definitely fulfilled all the conditions to become the most significant town in the north-western part of Asia Minor. The sovereigns from the Laskaris dynasty supported its development as well, although it must be emphasized that it was not the only center of their country. Next to Nicaea both Magnesia and Nymphaion need to be mentioned. Nicaea became an important cultural and scientific center of the new empire. Nevertheless, it was not an exceptional place as the distinguished representatives of Byzantine scientific and cultural world lived also permanently in other towns (also in those towns which were under the Latins’ rule). What is more, the educational system of Nicaea was criticized (e.g. George – Gregory II of Cyprus). The last but one emperor, Theodore II Laskaris (1254-1258), tried to make Nicaea the only center of Byzantine Greeks country. Nevertheless, as early as three years after his death the Byzantine Greeks regained Constantinople, the real capital of the world, and Nicaea again became the center of secondary importance.

3

Zbawcze znaczenie wcielenia u Teodora z Mopsuestii

71%

Królikowski J.

Vox Patrum

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2000

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vol. 38

247-258

IT

Nella cristologia Teodoro di Mopsuestia rappresenta la tradizione antiochena. La sua riflessione non e priva di difficolta interpretative ma egli non ha mai trascurato la preoccupazione per la retta fede. In tutta la sua predicazione tiene presente la polemica contro Eunomio e Apollinare.

4

Okoliczności zwołania Soboru Nicejskiego

71%

Grzywaczewski J.

Vox Patrum

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2014

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vol. 62

139-168

EN

The article presents the circumstances of the Council of Nicaea. There was a tradition to compose symbols of the faith (symbola fidei), and to organize synods. The Council of Nicaea was convoked by Emperor Constantine in cooperation with Pope Silvestre. After the victory on Licinius, Constantine wanted to arrange public and religious matters of the Empire. He was not a Christian but he was friendly to Christianity as a religion which he considered to be profitable for the Empire. He possessed the title of Pontifex maximus which authorized him to intervene not only in pagan cults, but also in ecclesiastical affaires. In spite of that, there were three main conflicts in that time: the date of the Passover, Donatism and Arianism. Donatism was a schism born in Latin Africa having a national background; it was a movement of the local population against the Roman administration. Arianism, born in Greek Africa, was inspired by philosophy, especially by Neo-Platonism. Constantine was welcomed by the Pope and other bishops because his actions were useful for the Church. People were waiting for the Council of Nicaea with hope.

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3 Vox Patrum

1 Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia

1 Bonarek J.

1 Grzywaczewski J.

1 Królikowski J.

1 Leszka M.

2 2014

1 2012

1 2000

Константинопол; Никeя; Михаил Хониат; Михаил VIII Палеолог

Rola Nikei jako centrum bizatyńskiego świata po 1204 roku

Zbawcze znaczenie wcielenia u Teodora z Mopsuestii

Okoliczności zwołania Soboru Nicejskiego