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Hamburg–Saint Petersburg, Sanit Petersburg–Nice: Scenarios for the stability of twinning under stress

100%

Vlaemnick E., Pustoshinskaya O.

Przegląd Politologiczny

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2021

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issue 4

49-61

PL

Na tle globalnej pandemii COVID-19 i trwających napięć geopolitycznych między Federacją Rosyjską a Zachodem, niniejszy tekst zajmuje się dynamiką europejsko-rosyjskiej dyplomacji miast w czasach kryzysu. Na podstawie dwóch reprezentatywnych studiów przypadków istniejących miast partnerskich, a mianowicie Hamburg–Sankt Petersburg z jednej strony oraz Nicea–Sankt Petersburg z drugiej, rozdział ten bada ewolucję relacji partnerskich w politycznie wrażliwych czasach. Zwracając uwagę na podstawy prawne i historyczną ewolucję wybranych przypadków współpracy miast, autorzy identyfikują główne tendencje, jak również możliwości w dziedzinie partnerstwa miast i angażują się w tak zwany zwrot cyfrowy w dyplomacji miejskiej, który przejawia się od początku globalnego kryzysu zdrowotnego na początku 2020 roku.

EN

Against the background of the global COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing geopolitical tensions between the Russian Federation and the West, this chapter engages with the dynamics of European-Russia city diplomacy in times of crisis. By means of two representative case studies of existing twinning cities, namely Hamburg–Saint Petersburg on the one hand, and Nice–Saint Petersburg on the other, this chapter explores the evolution of twinning relations during the politically sensitive times. While paying attention to the legal bases and the historic evolution of selected cases of city cooperation, the authors identify major tendencies as well as opportunities in the field of city twinning and engage with the so-called digital turn in city diplomacy which has manifested itself since the start of the global health crisis in early 2020.

2

Zbawcze znaczenie wcielenia u Teodora z Mopsuestii

80%

Królikowski J.

Vox Patrum

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2000

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vol. 38

247-258

IT

Nella cristologia Teodoro di Mopsuestia rappresenta la tradizione antiochena. La sua riflessione non e priva di difficolta interpretative ma egli non ha mai trascurato la preoccupazione per la retta fede. In tutta la sua predicazione tiene presente la polemica contro Eunomio e Apollinare.

3

Okoliczności zwołania Soboru Nicejskiego

80%

Grzywaczewski J.

Vox Patrum

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2014

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vol. 62

139-168

EN

The article presents the circumstances of the Council of Nicaea. There was a tradition to compose symbols of the faith (symbola fidei), and to organize synods. The Council of Nicaea was convoked by Emperor Constantine in cooperation with Pope Silvestre. After the victory on Licinius, Constantine wanted to arrange public and religious matters of the Empire. He was not a Christian but he was friendly to Christianity as a religion which he considered to be profitable for the Empire. He possessed the title of Pontifex maximus which authorized him to intervene not only in pagan cults, but also in ecclesiastical affaires. In spite of that, there were three main conflicts in that time: the date of the Passover, Donatism and Arianism. Donatism was a schism born in Latin Africa having a national background; it was a movement of the local population against the Roman administration. Arianism, born in Greek Africa, was inspired by philosophy, especially by Neo-Platonism. Constantine was welcomed by the Pope and other bishops because his actions were useful for the Church. People were waiting for the Council of Nicaea with hope.

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2 Vox Patrum

1 Przegląd Politologiczny

1 Grzywaczewski J.

1 Królikowski J.

1 Pustoshinskaya O.

1 Vlaemnick E.

1 2021

1 2014

1 2000

Hamburg–Saint Petersburg, Sanit Petersburg–Nice: Scenarios for the stability of twinning under stress

Zbawcze znaczenie wcielenia u Teodora z Mopsuestii

Okoliczności zwołania Soboru Nicejskiego