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EN
The article serves as an introduction to the present issue, offering the reader an insight into the Editors' overall concept, as well as an overview of the contents of the issue's "Features" section.   
EN
Cybersecurity has been an important developing subject for International Relations as a result of the ever-evolving world, much influenced by technological innovation. Since the end of the Cold War, security analysis has been regionalised and has examined cooperation among neighbours in order to address common problems. However, classic approaches to security within the discipline are deemed insufficient in the wake of new vulnerabilities from cyberspace. In order to put cybersecurity on the agenda for the region comprised by Mexico, the United States, and Canada - and in order to understand the possibilities of a cybersecurity zone in North America this article uses the Regional Security Complex Theory to make a proposal for a North American Cybersecurity Complex. Based on the opportunities offered by the new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), the means for such a complex are explained.
Studia Ełckie
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2013
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vol. 15
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issue 4
483-501
EN
Someone once claimed that every person is a citizen of two countries: of their own, and of the United States of America. This is obvious hyperbole, perhaps written when Europeans were even more fascinated by America’s political ex-periment, economic expansion, and population growth than by its popular cul-ture. Peoples the world over do not automatically identify with the United States; in fact, many define themselves in opposition to it. The article first ex-amines some primary political powers in American politics, and then traces certain distinct philosophies as responsible for affecting perspectives on centralized government, socioeconomic affairs, foreign policy, and socio-cultural issues.
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2015
|
issue 3
219-235
EN
The article presents selected aspects of Polish higher education in North America as reported in the columns of the Polish émigré newspapers „Dziennik Polski” („Polish Daily”) and „Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Żołnierza” („Polish Daily and Soldier’s Daily”), which have been published in the UK since 1941. Among other things, information was published about the preparations for Copernicus Days in the USA. Articles about all phenomena serving the manifestation and propagation of Polish academic (Fundacja Kościuszkowska, Polski Instytut Naukowy w Nowym Jorku, Instytut im. Józefa Piłsudskiego, Instytut Polski w Chicago) and cultural (Polski Instytut Sztuki i Nauki w Nowym Jorku) achievements in the USA were published, as well pieces on actions undertaken to sustain Polish education and keep Polish language in schools and universities. Activities of the Polish Studies Chair at Columbia University in New York were reported on regularly, including a scandal regarding the university accepting a dotation from the communist government in Warsaw, which resulted in the resignation of Arthur Prudden Coleman in protest in 1948.
PL
NAFTA i Partnerstwo dla Bezpieczeństwa i Dobrobytu (SPP) są najważniejszymi inicjatywami integracyjnymi, które wyznaczają kierunek i formę nowego regionalizmu w Ameryce Północnej. Integracja północnoamerykańska ma odmienne źródła i specyfikę od europejskiej, czy azjatyckiej. Stany Zjednoczone jako mocarstwo globalne i regionalne decydują o strukturze wzajemnych relacji, które przybierają formę raczej „podwójnie dwustronną” niż wielostronną. Jako państwo najsilniejsze, USA preferują pełną autonomię działania i z niechęcią odnoszą się do możliwości pogłębienia integracji, czy budowania ponadnarodowej płaszczyzny współpracy. Przedsięwzięcia integracyjne w Ameryce Północnej, w które Stany Zjednoczone się zaangażowały, są traktowane jako narzędzia polityki regionalnej i służą ochronie ich interesów w najbliższym sąsiedztwie. Pomimo że w ramach NAFT-y kwestie gospodarcze dominują nad politycznymi, po ataku na WTC dołączyła do nich sprawa bezpieczeństwa. Utworzenie SPP, opartego na dwóch uzupełniających się filarach, miało na celu przekształcenie struktury wzajemnych relacji w trójstronną i zainicjowanie budowania wspólnoty północnoamerykańskiej.
EN
NAFTA and Security and Prosperity Partnership are the most important regional integration initiatives which determine the way and form of a new regionalism in North America. The North American integration has different roots and characteristics from the European and Asian ones. The United States as the global and regional power determines this regionalism and makes it rather ‘duallybilateral’ than multilateral. Because of its hegemonic position, the US prefers full autonomy and is reluctant both to deepen the North American cooperation and build supranational grounds for such cooperation. Several integration initiatives may be considered the US regional policy tool to protect its peripheral interests. Although under NAFTA economic issues prevail political ones, after 9/11 security issues have dominated relations in this integration grouping. Security and Prosperity Partnership which combined two compatible issues was meant to make the relations trilateral and initiate the process of building a North American community.
EN
This study focuses on changes in British colonial policy and politics after the Seven Years’ War in North America. It deals primarily with the transformation of British economic policy towards its colonies. After the Seven Years’ War, the United Kingdom sought funds to strengthen defence of the newly acquired territories in North America. In 1764 the British parliament approved of the Sugar Act that tightened the customs service in America. The money raised by this law should have gone to the protection of the British Empire in North America. The study analyses the reasons for the transformation of British politics after the Seven Years’ War, as well as the impact of this policy on the relation between the mother country and its colonies in North America.
EN
Narrative songs with regards to the theme called ‘murdered sweetheart”, are part of a wider repertoire of murder ballads that circulated in England, Scotland, Ireland, and North America. It is through these Murdered Sweetheart Ballads (cf. Wilgus 1979), that the balladeer informed the listeners about the tragic consequences of non-standard behavior in certain social contexts, such as: pregnancy out of wedlock in patriarchal communities. Murder ballads that contain specific references to facts which occurred in real life (such as the representative case of the assassination of Naomi Wise in Randolph County, back in 1808) passed mainly (through not only) in oral music contexts; despite the transient nature of the singing itself, the meanings behind certain verbal expressions were transmitted and finally preserved in sound recordings released from the early twentieth century onwards. These traditional patterns, that are related to the controversial imagery of women murdered by men and developed in both oral and written traditions, were gradually revised, transposed, and reinterpreted in popular culture by musicians who were engaged within the recording industry as well as filmmakers—each applying their own understanding with regards to this sensitive subject.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę ruchu karpatorusińskiego w Ameryce w XXI wieku. Autor przedstawia narodziny i rozwój idei narodowościowej wśród migrantów z Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Charakteryzuje funkcjonowanie organizacji przez przybyszów w USA.
PL
Autor analizuje atrakcyjność turystyczną wulkanów położonych w regionach Ameryki Północnej, Ameryki Południowej oraz Afryki. Najpierw charakteryzuje historię powstania, strukturę, wielkość i rodzaje aktywności wulkanicznej oraz wprowadza klasyfikację wulkanów. Kolejna część pracy dotyczy położenia, walorów przyrodniczych oraz dostępności turystycznej wraz ze szczegółowym opisem wejścia na wybrane stożki wulkaniczne.
EN
The author analysis tourist attraction of volcanoes located in North America, South America and Africa regions. In the first part he characterizes history of their coming into being, structure, size and type of volcanoes activities, and he introduces classification of volcanoes. The following part concerns of area placement, natural values, and tourist interest with particular description of climbing up selected volcanoes surface.
EN
Bernikla kanadyjska Branta canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758) jest ikoną dzikiej Ameryki i należy, zarówno do naturalnego, jak i społeczno-kulturowego, dziedzictwa Ameryki Północnej. Ten monogamiczny, gromadny i migrujący gatunek majestatycznego ptaka wodnego jest szeroko rozpowszechniony w Ameryce Północnej. Występuje w 8-10 różnych podgatunkach w szerokim spektrum naturalnych siedlisk i ekosystemów. Gatunek jest rozpowszechniony od Alaski przez Kanadę, USA aż do Meksyku. Aby uniknąć trudnych warunków zimowych, migruje z północy do południowych stanów USA i północnego Meksyku. Z powodu eksplozji wielkości jego populacji, jak również braku presji drapieżników, ptak ten w niektórych częściach kontynentu, zmienił się w lokalnego szkodnika. To krótkie opracowanie opisuje jego cykl życiowy rozmieszczenie, reprodukcję i zachowanie w środowisku.
XX
At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century a large group of Galician Ruthenians emigrated to North America and the United States and Canada, South America - mainly to Argentina and Brazil. Sheptytsky visited North America in 1910. He met with Ukrainian Greek Catholic immigrant communities in the United States and Canada. In 1921, he visited the USA and Canada again. In 1922 he arrived to Argentina and Brazil. He did not conduct open political agitation. However, some of his speeches have an anti-Polish character.
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