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Die eingliederigen Fibeln der Almgrens VI. Gruppe in der Przeworsk-Kultur – Fibeln des Typs A 158

100%

Jakubczyk I.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

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2013-2014

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vol. 5-6

113-218

EN

O. Almgren in his 1897 published study on nordeuropean forms of brooches characterized known specimens from the region and classified them in seven groups. His group VI matches brooches with inverted foot as well as their derivative forms with full catch-plate. They are main forms of the late Roman and early Migrations periods Shape and form of those brooches breaks with the early Roman Period’s stilistical traditions, showind differences in construction, because catch-plate is being made by bending the foot downwards, its and is then wrapped around the bow. This key for the studies on late antiquity group of brooches is one of the less published forms of the Barbaricum. O. Almgren himself have had treated them unfairy, whereas later studies didn’t gave precise arrangements. However the homogenity of this goup of artefacts; especially type 158 characteristic for the Przeworsk Culture, have been emphasized. Therefore new classificaton of brooches of the Almgren’s VI Group with taking into consideration all of the deriverative forms and variations was an absolute necessity. It was also essential due to the significance for the chronology of early and late Roman Period. The min assumption of the paper was to work out the one piece brooches of the type 158. The method used for the division is based upon the system proposed by O. Almgren. It is still up to date, however some detailed assumptins are necessery. It is due to the fact that some of O. Almgren’s forms have been described unaccuratelly, therefore determination of arefacts according to his division in chefly uneasy. It is also imprtant to ephasize the fact that since the firt publication of Almgren’s study, the have been noted enormous growth in number of known specimens, some of them are therefore not preciselly represented in typology of the swedish scholar. Main characteristics of brooches taken under consieration by division of sub-types and variants are construction of the specific specimen, shape of the bow as well as its decoration. Such characteristics as form of ornamentation and stilistic criterion i.e. proportions of the appropriate parts of the brooch were also considered. In the process a clusters of broches with some variants within have been archieved. Main part of the paper is the classification of O. Almgren’s type 158 brooches. The study is based upon 799 specimens. The final effect of this analise is the stilistic division of variants with main goal in tighening the chronology of characterized clustes of artefacts.

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Dwie germańskie nazwy śledzia

84%

Witczak K. T.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica

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2020

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issue 15

9-18

EN

The paper discusses the origin of two Germanic terms for ‘Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus L.’. The Proto-Germanic noun *siled- m. ‘herring’, attested in most North Germanic languages (e.g. ON. sild, Far. síld, OSv. sild, Sv. sill, Norw. sil), cannot be treated as inherited. It seems to represent a Saami (or Laponian) borrowing, cf. Saa. (Northern) sâlled, (Lule) sallēt ‘herring’ < Proto-Saami *silä-tɜ ‘herring’ (orig. ‘fat fish’) < Ur. *śilä ‘fat, grease, esp. fish grease’). The competing Germanic appellative *hēringaz (< *hairingaz) m. ‘Clupea harengus L.’ is well-attested in the West Germanic languages (cf. E. herring, Du. haring, G. Hering), as well as in Romance (cf. It. arenga, Fr. harenge, Prov. arenc, Sp. arenque). It cannot be excluded that the Old Frisian word hēreng represents the original source of the European borrowing. The word in question is a Proto-Germanic innovation derived from the adjective *hairaz ‘gray’ by means of the common suffix *-ingaz, cf. the two old appellatives *bukkingaz m. ‘hot-smoked herring’ (< PG. *bukkaz m. ‘he-goat’) and *hwītingaz m. ‘whiting, the marine fish Merlangius merlangus L.’ (< PG. *hwītaz adj. ‘white’).

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Wskaźniki jakości demokracji w regionach Europy w latach 2016–2020. W kierunku erozji demokracji w państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej?

67%

Malužinas M.

Przegląd Politologiczny

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2021

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issue 2

71-87

EN

A common feature in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) seems to be a fairly similar level of quality of democracy. The aim of the article is to analyze whether the CEE countries are in the proces of retreat from democracy and whether there are clear differences in the level of development of democracy between the old EU countries and other EU countries. The indicators of the quality of democracy in the groups of CEE, North, South and West countries were assessed. The analysis revealed, similarly to the previous research by Lithuanian political scientist Saulius Spurga, that there is no clear difference between the indicators of the CEE group and the group of Southern European countries (including Spain, Portugal, Greece). On the other hand, in the case of Scandinavian and Southern European countries, there are significant differences in the level of democracy indicators. The data clearly show a higher level of quality of democracy in the Nordic countries. This is confirmed by the results of democracy quality reports from 2006, 2008 and 2010. Based on the analysis performed, it can be concluded that the differences in the quality of democracy in the group of old EU Member States are greater than the differences between the CEE countries and the countries of Southern Europe.

PL

Cechą wspólną w państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej (EŚW) wydaje się być dość podobny poziom jakości demokracji. Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie, czy w państwach EŚW mamy obecne zjawisko odwrotu od demokracji oraz czy istnieją wyraźne różnice w poziomie demokracji między państwami EŚW a starymi państwami UE. Ocenie poddano wskaźniki jakości demokracji w grupach państw EŚW, Północnej, Południowej oraz Zachodniej. Analiza ujawniła, podobnie jak wcześniejsze badania litewskiego politologia Sauliusa Spurgi, iż nie ma wyraźnej różnicy między wskaźnikami grupy państw EŚW a grupą państw Europy Południowej (m.in. Hiszpanii, Portugalii, Grecji). Z kolei w przypadku państw skandynawskich i południowoeuropejskich pojawiają się istotne różnice w poziomie wskaźników demokracji. Dane wyraźnie wskazują wyższy poziom jakości demokracji w państwach skandynawskich. Potwierdzają to wyniki raportów jakości demokracji z lat 2006, 2008 oraz 2010. Na podstawie dokonanej analizy można stwierdzić, że różnice w jakości demokracji w grupie starych państw członkowskich UE są większe niż różnice pomiędzy państwami grupy EŚW a państwami Europy Południowej.

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1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica

1 Przegląd Politologiczny

1 Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

1 Jakubczyk I.

1 Malužinas M.

1 Witczak K. T.

1 2021

1 2020

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Die eingliederigen Fibeln der Almgrens VI. Gruppe in der Przeworsk-Kultur – Fibeln des Typs A 158

Dwie germańskie nazwy śledzia

Wskaźniki jakości demokracji w regionach Europy w latach 2016–2020. W kierunku erozji demokracji w państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej?