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1

Civilian or Military? Addressing Dual-use Items as a Challenge to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Regime

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Dinnicliff J., Iżewicz P.

The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs

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2015

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issue 3

21-30

EN

Various efforts have been made to establish export controls and other mechanisms that would prevent illicit nuclear trade from occurring. These tools have been fairly successful in capturing illicit transactions of goods whose application is purely nuclear. The goods and technologies that can be used for both military and civilian purposes, the dual-use items, remain the key challenge. The legitimate market for such goods is enormous, but they also have applications in centrifuge, laser enrichment, reactor, and plutonium separation programmes. Iran and other proliferators have a long history of attempted procurements in this area, including items such as valves, frequency converters, carbon fibre, machine tools, and many others. The current non-proliferation regime has been slow to catch up with this reality. It is crucial to reverse this trend and adapt international standards, to provide a more holistic approach to countering nuclear proliferation.

2

NATO’s Nuclear Deterrence: Closing Credibility Gaps

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Durkalec J., Kroenig M.

The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs

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2016

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issue 1

37-50

EN

If NATO wishes to deter Russian aggression reliably, its deterrence and defence policy must once again contain a serious nuclear component, and Western leaders must begin the difficult task of revisiting NATO nuclear deterrence policies and postures. The NATO Warsaw Summit provides the ideal opportunity to fill the most critical gaps in NATO’s nuclear posture and to initiate the longer process of nuclear adaptation.

3

THE NUCLEAR DISPUTE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND NORTH KOREA

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Mysłowska J. M., Sosin S.

Torun International Studies

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2017

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issue 10

71-82

EN

The American-North Korean conflict on nuclear weapons has been making headlines for a long time. The potential of both countries is unquestionable and has an enormous influence on the entire world. The nuclear dispute between the United States and the DPRK began with the Korean War in 1950s and has been growing since. North Korea has strengthen its nuclear capability and is threatening the United States, the territory of Guam island, and the entire human nation. The regime is the only country which has tested nuclear weapons in the 21st century. The American government has been raising the sanctions against Pyongyang and China has been trying to invite both sides for negotiations and to ease the worsening tensions on the peninsula. Washington puts a lot of hopes into Beijing being able to handle the threats from North Korea, but Chinese claim they do not have enough leverage to hamper Kim Jong Un’s regime. North Koreans, living under the constant control from the regime and propaganda, are separated from their families and the rest of the world. The Winter Olympics, which will be held by South Korea in February, 2018, gave both Koreas a chance to talk and to participate in the event together again, and maybe it is a possibility for the two sides to negotiate further agreements.

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2 The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs

1 Torun International Studies

1 Dinnicliff J.

1 Durkalec J.

1 Iżewicz P.

1 Kroenig M.

1 Mysłowska J. M.

1 Sosin S.

1 2017

1 2016

1 2015

Civilian or Military? Addressing Dual-use Items as a Challenge to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Regime

NATO’s Nuclear Deterrence: Closing Credibility Gaps

THE NUCLEAR DISPUTE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND NORTH KOREA