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1

Controversy over the Power Between the Papacy and the Empire in the light of Marsilius’ of Padua Defensor pacis

100%

Białas A.

Peitho. Examina Antiqua

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2010

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vol. 1

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issue 1

145-159

EN

The most famous medieval controversy over the power and the temporal dominion took place between the papacy and the empire. One of the greatest advocates of the imperial domination was Marsilius of Padua, the author of an original work that demonstrated the advantage of acknowledging the emperor’s superiority over the Pope’s. The Defensor pacis, written between 1319 and 1324, was devoted to the dispute on such sovereignty issues as proving that the Pope should be subordinate to the Emperor, and not vice versa. The Defensor pacis takes issue with numerous arguments and views uttered by the papal camp and uses the appropriate quotations from the Bible and Aristotle to show their weakness and inconsistency. The work comprises three parts. The first part is a description of the ideal system, i.e., an elective monarchy, with the specified role of a ruler and a clear indication of the sovereignty of the people. The second and third parts present a challenge to the arguments of the papal camp (including the famous argument of the “power keys”) and analyze the general situation of the Church, suggesting the necessary reforms. Thus, the whole work becomes a compendium of knowledge on appropriate governance.

PL

The most famous medieval controversy over the power and the tempo‑ ral dominion took place between the papacy and the empire. One of the greatest advocates of the imperial domination was Marsilius of Padua, the author of an original work that demonstrated the advantage of acknowledging the emperor’s superiority over the Pope’s. The Defensor pacis, written between 1319 and 1324, was devoted to the dispute on such sovereignty issues as proving that the Pope should be subordinate to the Emperor, and not vice versa. The Defensor pacis takes issue with numerous arguments and views uttered by the papal camp and uses the appropriate quotations from the Bible and Aristotle to show their weak‑ ness and inconsistency. The work comprises three parts. The first part is a description of the ideal system, i.e., an elective monarchy, with the specified role of a ruler and a clear indication of the sovereignty of the people. The second and third parts present a challenge to the arguments of the papal camp (including the famous argument of the “power keys”) and analyze the general situation of the Church, suggesting the neces‑ sary reforms. Thus, the whole work becomes a compendium of knowl‑ edge on appropriate governance.

2

K niektorym aspektom chápania cnosti u Viliama Ockhama

87%

Nemec R.

Studia theologica

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2017

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vol. 3

25-44

EN

The aim of this article is to focus on some specific perspectives of Ockham´s ethics theory. His interpretation of Aristotle´s virtue ethics was different from his contemporaries. Ockham (with D. Scotus) shifted the traditional standpoint of the various Aristotelian schools from a focus on reason and reasonable purposes toward the will and its internal/external acts. The will is faculty, in accordance with reason, which brings out an internal act and only this act can be free. Nothing else, apart from the will and its acts, can be necessarily free and thus virtuous. Nothing except for interior acts of the will can be fully virtuous. The perfect virtue is the only internal capacity of the will, although always dependent on the "telos" – the end of the will. Ockham presents 5 degrees of virtues and especially the heroic one, being the highest of all virtues.

3

Medieval Approaches to Future Contingents

82%

Knuuttila S.

Roczniki Filozoficzne

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2018

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vol. 66

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issue 4

99-114

EN

This paper discusses the main lines of medieval Latin approaches to future contingents with some remarks on Marcin Tkaczyk’s paper “The antinomy of future contingent events.” Tkaczyk’s theory shows some similarity with the general frame of the views of Ockham and Scotus, the difference being that while medieval authors argued for the temporal necessity of the past, Tkaczyk is sceptical of the general validity of this necessity. Ockham’s theological view was that God eternally has an intuitive and immutable knowledge of all possibilities as well as whether they are ever actualized or not (PANACCIO & PICHÉ 2010). The content of God’s past knowledge attitude remains contingent before the free choice takes place because God’s knowledge could be different similarly as the truth-value of the proposition. While Ockham held that no past or present thing follows from future things as an effect follows from its cause, this causal link is defended by Tkaczyk. Later thinkers thought that the doctrine of the scientia media sheds light on this question; perhaps it is easier to understand than the retroactive model which is not contradictory but difficult to imagine, as Tkaczyk concludes his paper.

PL

Artykuł omawia główne średniowieczne ujęcia zagadnienia przyszłych zdarzeń przygodnych (futura contingentia) z kilkoma uwagami na temat artykułu Marcina Tkaczyka „The antinomy of future contingent events” [„Antynomia przyszłych zdarzeń przygodnych”]. Podejście Tkaczyka wykazuje pewne podobieństwo do ogólnego obrazu poglądów Ockhama i Dunsa Szkota, z tą różnicą, że chociaż średniowieczni autorzy argumentowali za czasową koniecznością przeszłości, Tkaczyk jest sceptyczny wobec ogólej obowiązywalności tej konieczności. Zgodnie z poglądami teologicznymi Ockhama Bóg wiecznie posiada intuicyjną i niezmienną wiedzę o wszystkich możli¬wościach, a także o tym, czy zostaną one kiedykolwiek zaktualizowane, czy też nie (PA¬NACCIO & PICHÉ 2010). Treść przedwiedzy Boga pozostaje przygodna, zanim dokona się wolny wybór, ponieważ wiedza Boga może być inna, podobnie jak wartość logiczna zdania dotyczącego tego wyboru. Podczas gdy Ockham utrzymywał, że zdarzenia przyszłe nie pociągają przeszłych ani teraźniejszych, jak przyczyna pociąga skutek, Tkaczyk broni takiego związku przyczyno¬wego. Późniejsi myśliciele sądzili, że światło na tę kwestię rzuca doktryna scientia media; być może jest ona łatwiejsza do zrozumienia niż model retroaktywny, który — jak konkulduje Tka¬czyk w swoim artykule — choć nie jest sprzeczny, jest trudny do wyobrażenia.

4

Assensum in mente prophetae: William of Ockham and Walter Chatton on Prophecies

73%

Limonta R., Fedriga R.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

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2021

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vol. 54

57-80

IT

Tema dell'articolo è il rapporto tra Walter Chatton e Guglielmo di Ockham in merito alle teorie sulla natura cognitiva degli enunciati profetici, un argomento centrale nel dibattito teologico della prima metà del XIV secolo. A partire dalle recenti interpretazioni delle teorie cognitive di Chatton e Ockham alla luce della distinzione epistemica tra esternalismo ed internalismo (e a partire da alcune fonti dove il tema della profezia è cruciale, come la Reportatio Super Sententias, I, dd. 28-29 e i Quodibela 26-29 di Chatton e il Tractatus de praedestinatione et de prescientia Dei respectu futurorum contingentium di Ockham, la nostra analisi applicherà la distinzione internalismo/esternalismo al caso degli enunciati profetici. A partire dalle questioni epistemologiche che riguardano profezie, futuri contingenti e prescienza divina, l'analisi cercherà di mostrare i principi strutturali e le ricadute pragmatiche di questi enunciati nei due modelli analizzati.

EN

The subject of this article is the intertwining between Walter Chatton and William of Ockham’s theories about the cognitive nature of prophetic statements, a topic in the theological debate of the early 14th century. Starting from recent interpretations of Chatton and Ockham’s cognitive theory in terms of the distinction between externalism and internalism, and from a reading of some sources where the topic of prophecy is crucial (for Chatton: Reportatio Super Sententias, I, dd. 38-39, the less investigated d. 41 and Quodlibeta, qq. 26-29; for Ockham: Tractatus de praedestinatione et de praescientia Dei respectu futurorum contingentium, q.1 and Quodlibeta, q. 4) we apply the externalism/internalism distinction to the case study of prophetic statements. Starting from epistemological questions about prophecies, future contingents and divine foreknowledge, we’ll show the outcomes as pragmatic rules of this kind of statements in both conceptual frameworks analyzed.

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1 Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

1 Peitho. Examina Antiqua

1 Roczniki Filozoficzne

1 Studia theologica

1 Białas A.

1 Fedriga R.

1 Knuuttila S.

1 Limonta R.

1 Nemec R.

1 2021

1 2018

1 2017

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Controversy over the Power Between the Papacy and the Empire in the light of Marsilius’ of Padua Defensor pacis

K niektorym aspektom chápania cnosti u Viliama Ockhama

Medieval Approaches to Future Contingents

Assensum in mente prophetae: William of Ockham and Walter Chatton on Prophecies