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Олег, волхвы и два Александра (политический подтекст пушкинской баллады Песнь о вещем Олеге)

100%

Clayton J. D., Звиняцковский В.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Rossica

2022

issue 15

211-219

Alexander Pushkin wrote his ballad “The Song of the Wise Oleg” (1822) in Kishinev during his forced administrative presence in the South (1820–1824). The poem retells, with meaningful differences, a legend in Nikolay Karamzin’s History of the Russian State that describes the miraculous death of the Kievan Prince Oleg, who is bitten by a snake hiding in the skull of the hero’s dead horse. The poem was inspired by Pushkin’s visit to Kamenka and Kiev in 1821 and his acquaintance there with the assembled members of the future Decembrist uprising, as well as his visit to the supposed site of Oleg’s grave. An examination of the work in the context of Pushkin’s Southern Text reveals that the poem is an allegory of the poet’s relationship with Alexander I and reflects his fears about the coming political upheaval in Russia and the potential death of the Tsar. The ballad contains the first instance of a motif that becomes familiar in his subsequent work, namely the miracle (chudo) as a sudden, unexpected, and life-changing event. The poetics of the poem represents an important step towards Pushkin’s masterpiece The Comedy of Tsar Boris and Grishka Otrepyev (1825; published in 1831 with the title Boris Godunov).

Баллада Александра Пушкина Песнь о вещем Олеге (1822) была написана в Кишиневе во время ссылки поэта под видом служебной поездки на юг России (1820–1824). Баллада пересказывает, но со значительными изменениями, легенду из Истории государства Российского Николая Карамзина о смерти киевского князя Олега от укуса змеи, которая выползла из черепа его любимого коня. На создание стихотворения поэта вдохновило посещение Каменки и Киева в 1821 г. Здесь он познакомился с будущими декабристами, членами так называемого «Союза благоденствия», и увидел предполагаемое место могилы Олега. Анализ баллады как части Южного текста показывает, что произведение является аллегорией, в которой поэт выражает свои опасения по поводу возможности политического переворота в России и скорого ухода из жизни Александра I. В Песни… встречается мотив (прием), ставший важным элементом в последующих произведениях поэта, а именно чудо как внезапное, неожиданное событие, меняющее ход жизни. В целом Песнь… – важный шаг в развитии творчества поэта, который привел его к созданию Комедии о царе Борисе и Гришке Отрепьеве (1825), опубликованной в 1831 г. под заглавием Борис Годунов.

Chaganat chazarski a Skandynawowie w Europie Wschodniej – kontakty i ich charakter w IX–X wieku

71%

Polek K.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

2022

vol. 14

5-57

From its emergence in the 7th century until its fall in 965, the Khazar Khaganate played a decisive role among the tribes and peoples settled in Eastern Europe. The Pax Khazarica contributed to the stabilization of ethnic and political relations in the region, which in turn gave the khaganate a high status in contacts with the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate. The Khazars benefited from the favorable geographic location and the benefits they gained from participating in long-distance trade. With the arrival of Scandinavian newcomers and the development of their settlement in the northern and north-eastern part of the Ruthenian lands (the area around Lake Ladoga and the upper Volga basin), contacts with them played an increasingly important role in the history of the Chaganate in the 9th-10th centuries. Oleg’s taking of power in Kiev and the territorial development of the Ruthenian state was a crucial moment. Although the Khazars maintained a strong position among the peoples and tribes of Eastern Europe during the first half of the 10th century, it was not without difficulties. The reason was the growing activity of the Scandinavians not only among the Slavs who settled in the basin of the Dnieper, Oka and the upper Volga, but also in the lands that were the immediate hinterland of the khaganate (Black Sea region, the mouth of the Volga and the Caspian region). In addition to merchant expeditions, the Varangians organized – with great panache and range - raids of a looting nature (e.g. Prince Igor’s campaigns). It cannot be ruled out that they inuenced the nature of the relationship between the Khazars and their dependent tribes in Eastern Europe. The collapse of the Khaganate, which took place as a result of the war campaigns undertaken by Prince Sviatoslav (965, 969), may indicate a more significant (than previously assumed) internal weakening of the Khazar state. Undoubtedly, it was related to the change in the current system of political and ethnic relations in Eastern Europe, and the actions of the Kiev princes played a decisive role. Another reason was the change in the course of the existing long-distance trade routes, and thus the reduction of the influence that the Khazars obtained from their control. Despite the progress in research on the history of the khaganate, little is known about its relations with the Scandinavians settled in Eastern Europe, as well as with Slavic tribes, including those remaining outside the Khazar sphere of influence, and the consequences of the fall of Khazar domination for the region’s economy. The research conducted so far shows that the influence of the Khazars, although not confirmed in all spheres, was more intense, as evidenced by the reception of the kagan title in relation to the Ruthenian rulers in the 10th-11th centuries.

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1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Rossica

1 Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

1 Clayton J. D.

1 Polek K.

1 Звиняцковский В.

2 2022

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Олег, волхвы и два Александра (политический подтекст пушкинской баллады Песнь о вещем Олеге)

Chaganat chazarski a Skandynawowie w Europie Wschodniej – kontakty i ich charakter w IX–X wieku