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Z KULTUR ORIENTU: Problematyka cierpienia w antropologii dawnego judaizmu

100%
Cyrzan H.
Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica
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1992
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vol. 1(1)
71-71
2
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Z KULTUR ORIENTU: Problematyka cierpienia w antropologii dawnego judaizmu

100%
Cyrzan H.
Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica
|
1992
|
vol. 1(1)
71-71
3

Orient po polsku. Obraz orientu w polskiej leksykografii

80%
Prokop D.
Język a Kultura
|
2017
|
vol. 27
93 - 102
EN
The article focuses on the study of the meaning, occurrence and use of the term Orient and its derivatives — associated words related to it — in the Polish language. The starting point is the concept of a linguistic image of the world that assumes the dependence of the individual’s perception of reality on the language he or she uses. A person, learning about the world, experiences it with the help of native speech, which imposes a certain specific way of thinking. The language appears as a filter and a ready set of interpretive schemes that impose a specific point of view on the user. The aim of the presented research is the reconstruction of the linguistic image of the non-linguistic reality section represented by the Orient lexeme and its derivatives. The study covered the National Corpus of the Polish Language, more widely available dictionary and encyclopedic definitions, and types of usage that can be observed in the contemporary public space represented by the so-called old and new media. The article also focuses on the connotations of the word Orient appearing in the Polish language system. An important part of the research focuses on the functioning of the analyzed lexeme and its derivatives in Polish culture, taking into account the changes taking place. The observed changes were separated and described, then presented in a chronological manner. The presented analysis creates the possibility of a better understanding of the perception of the Orient by people speaking Polish.
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Z KULTUR ORIENTU: Siady cywilizacji chińskiej w kulturze polskiej

80%
Odyniec W.
Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica
|
1992
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vol. 1(1)
43-43
5
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Z KULTUR ORIENTU: Siady cywilizacji chińskiej w kulturze polskiej

80%
Odyniec W.
Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica
|
1992
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vol. 1(1)
43-43
6
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“The Orient” in Global Cultural Flow: the Case of the Turkish Riviera

71%
Więcek E.
Art Inquiry. Recherches sur les arts
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2013
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vol. XV (XXIV)
153-182
EN
Tourism has become an important sector in Turkey as a growing source of foreign exchange reserves and employment over the last two decades. An increasing number of foreign tourists makes the Turkish Riviera an area of intense global interaction. According to Arjun Appadurai, the new global cultural economy has to be seen as an overlapping, disjunctive order that can no longer be understood in terms of the existing center-periphery models. This article will explore such disjunctures and deal with the complex “-scapes” of the Turkish Riviera. It aims to look at the relationships among the five dimensions of the global cultural flow: ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, and ideoscapes. One goal of this review is to examine if the concept of “the Orient” coined by Edward Said still exists within the discourse and the visual imagery of tourism.
PL
Na przestrzeni ostatnich dwóch dekad turystyka stała się najmocniejszą stroną tureckiej gos-podarki, zaś najchętniej odwiedzane miejsca w Turcji są sceną intensywnych interakcji spo-łeczno-kulturowych o charakterze globalnym. Analizując złożoną specyfikę przestrzeni pub-licznej w kurortach na obszarze Riwiery Tureckiej, zastosuję zaproponowany przez Arjuna Appaduraia model bazujący na rozłącznym przepływie kategorii określonych przez autora mianem pejzaży. Głównym celem analizy jest zbadanie czy “Orient” w ujęciu Edwarda Saida nadal istnieje w dyskursie turystycznym i związanym z nim obrazowaniu.
7
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Pleasure Domes and Sunbeams: An Anti-Oedipal Reading of “Kubla Khan”

71%
Tindol R.
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
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2017
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issue 26/1
55-72
XX
Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s 1797 poem “Kubla Khan” begins with the statement that Kubla Khan once caused a pleasure-dome to come into existence by dint of a kingly decree. The last line states that the narrator, should he gain suffi cient poetic vision, would have “drunk the milk of paradise” and would “build that dome in air.” A new reading may be derived from a focus on precisely what these lines say and what they imply within the perspective of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s work Anti-Oedipus. If the process of the narrator’s gaining poetic insight is set in motion by a conscious decree from Kubla Khan, then an Anti-Oedipal reading considers whether the end result is simply the consequence a powerful individual’s wishes, or else is paradoxically a liberation from those wishes.
8
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Wizerunek Egiptu we wspomnieniach pastora Henryka Leopolda Bartscha

71%
Hachlica M.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
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2016
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issue 3-4
287-295
EN
It is important to notice that romantic literature abounded in diverse memoirs. The most characteristic feature connected with this kind of literature is the fact that many of the memoirs were written by prisoners and exiles, commanding officers and even peasant farmers. Furthermore, many opuses were created after long journeys to the East. This study, focused on memories of Pastor Henryk Leopold Bartsch, presents different ways of experiencing and describing the Oriental sphere. Moreover, the following paper shows the lack of differences between the romantic and enlightenment style of depicting foreign territories and presents Pastor’s Bartsch own way of describing other customs and religions. To summarise, the whole study tries to find an answer to the question about the most significant function of romantic memoires.
9
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Z KULTUR ORIENTU: Bahaizm: tradycja i współczesność

70%
Pałubicki W.
Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica
|
1992
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vol. 1(1)
61-61
10
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Z KULTUR ORIENTU: Bahaizm: tradycja i współczesność

70%
Pałubicki W.
Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica
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1992
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vol. 1(1)
61-61
11
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„Es ist eine grosse Seligkeit – so allein – so ganz und gar allein mit seinen Träumen zu sein“ – Paul Scheerbart und seine geistige Flucht in den Orient

61%
Matuszewska K.
Colloquia Germanica Stetinensia
|
2017
|
issue 26
43-62
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest wizjom Orientu w trzech wybranych utworach Paula Scheerbarta: „Śmierć Barmakidów. Arabska powieść haremowa” (1897), „Tarub. Sławna kucharka z Bagdadu. Arabska powieść kulturowa” (1897) oraz „Żarty o władzy. Nowele arabskie” (1904). Ponieważ autor nigdy nie odwiedził Bliskiego Wschodu, odwoływał się w swoich utworach do tekstów źródłowych, które dowolnie przekształcał. Namiętność, tęsknota za wyższymi wartościami, brutalność, żądza zemsty oraz walka o władzę, która kończy się rzezią, przeplatają się z baśniowymi sceneriami i legendarnymi istotami, aby odwieść odbiorcę od myśli, że Bagdad równie dobrze mógłby być Berlinem, rok 897 – rokiem 1897, a problemy Aschy – problemami samego Scheerbarta.
DE
Der Beitrag ist Paul Scheerbarts Orientdarstellungen in drei ausgewählten Werken gewidmet: "Der Tod der Barmekiden. Arabischer Haremsroman" (1897), "Tarub. Bagdads berühmte Köchin. Arabischer Kulturroman" (1897) und "Machtspässe. Arabische Novellen" (1904). Weil der Autor den Nahen Osten nie besucht hat, stützte er sich bei seinen Beschreibungen auf mehrere Quellen, die er dann beliebig umgestaltet hat. Leidenschaft, Sehnsucht nach höheren Werten, Brutalität, Rachsucht und Kämpfe um die Macht, die mit Blutbädern enden, verflechten sich mit märchenhaften Szenerien und sagenhaften Wesen, um den Rezipienten von dem Gedanken abzulenken, dass das alte Bagdad für Berlin, das Jahr 897 für 1897 und Aschas Probleme für jene von Scheerbart stehen könnten. Dichter-, Welt- und Rebellenmacht – in diesen drei Worten drückt sich das Wesen des Scheerbartschen Orients aus.
EN
'The article was dedicated to presentations of the Orient in three selected works by Paul Scheerbart: 'The death of the Barmakids. Arab Harem novel' (1897), 'Tarub. Baghdad's famous female cook. Arab culture novel' (1897) and 'Jests about power. Arab novellas' (1904). As the author has never visited the Middle East, he draws from several sources, which he then transforms as he wishes. Passion, longing for higher values, brutality, revenge and fighting for the power ending with bloodbaths intertwine with the fairytale sceneries and legendary beings, to distract the recipient from the thought that the old Baghdad is Berlin, the year 897 – 1897 and Ascha’s problems could be the problems of Scheerbart. Power of poets, world and rebels – the essence of Scheerbart’s Orient is expressed in these words.
12

Góry Kaukaz jako wrota Orientu. Motywy orientalne w twórczości Tadeusza Łady-Zabłockiego

61%
Gadamska-Serafin R.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
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2017
|
vol. 11
111-141
EN
The East, its culture and literature were always part of the rich, erudite poetic imagination of Tadeusz Łada-Zabłocki (1811–1847), a tsarist exile to the Caucasus. He spoke Oriental languages (Georgian and Persian) and had a thorough knowledge of the Koran, a short fragment of which he even translated (probably from French). Although today we only have his poetry inspired by the Caucasian mountains, he was also no stranger to extensive travel accounts (unfortunately, his Dziennik podróży mojej do Tyflisu i z Tyflisu po różnych krajach za Kaukazem (Journal From My Journey To and From Tiflis Across Various Countries Beyond the Caucasus) and notes from his Armenian expedition were lost). An important source of inspiration for Zabłocki, encouraging him to explore the East, were the Philomaths’ translations of Oriental poetry by Jan Wiernikowski and Aleksander Chodźko, while his model of reception of the Orient were the oeuvres of Mickiewicz (primarily his Crimean and Odessa Sonnets), Byron and Thomas Moore (especially the fragment of Lalla Rookh — Paradise and the Peri). The exile brutally brought Zabłocki into contact with the real Orient, terribly dangerous and diametrically different from the one described by Western travellers. It is, therefore, not surprising, that their superficial and simplified accounts were criticised by the Polish poet and soldier. Zabłocki’s oeuvre, both pre-exile and Caucasus period works, is full of various Oriental reminiscences: from the Biblical topos of the Paradise ab Oriente, through numerous splendid images of Caucasian nature, scenes from the life of Caucasian highlanders, poetic imitation of the metre of Caucasian folk dances, apt ethnographic observations in the verses, borrowings from Oriental languages, extraordinarily sensual eastern erotic poems, to translations of texts of Caucasian cultures (Tatar, Azeri and Georgian songs). Zabłocki drew on both folk culture of Caucasian tribes, and on Eastern mythologies as well as universal culture of the Islamic world. He presents an ambivalent image of Caucasian highlanders in his poetry: sometimes they acquire traits of noble, free, valiant and indomitable individuals, typical of the Romantic idea of highlanders, on other occasions the label “Son of the East” becomes a synonym of Asian barbarity. Freed from the service in the tsarist army, Zabłocki planned travels across nearby Persia, Asia Minor, and even Arabia, Nubia and Palestine. However, the plans never became a reality, owing to a lack of funds and the poet’s early death of cholera. Zabłocki’s “Eastern” oeuvre fully reveals the “liminal”, demarcational nature of the Caucasian mountains, for centuries constituting the limes between Europe and Asia, the East and the West, a meeting place of the Christian and the Muslim Orients.
13
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Regard interdit, son coupé ‘Zakazane spojrzenie, odjęty dźwięk’. Językowy obraz wschodniego świata Assii Djebar

61%
Sokołowicz M.
Conversatoria Linguistica
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2014
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issue 8
131-143
PL
The present paper focuses on the linguistic image of the Oriental world depicted in the essay–afterword to the book of short stories Femmes d’Alger dans leur appartement [Women of Algiers] by Assia Djebar. Entitled after the famous painting by Eugène Delacroix the book’s aim is to show the history of Algeria and of Algerian women since the short visit paid to the country by the French painter up to 1980s.The author of this paper wants to focus on the language Assia Djebar uses in her text. Thanks to the recurrence of some keywords she manages to render in her text the typical way of describing the Oriental world in 19th century (the Romantic fascination for Oriental lands and customs) and afterwards the seclusion and submission of Algerian women resulting from patriarchal tradition.However, it seems that Assia Djebar uses her language as a cubist painter (by the way, she refers in her essay to the painting Women of Algiers by Picasso), she deconstructs the linguistic reality to create a new world for Oriental women where, at least linguistically, seclusion changes into final liberation.
14
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Japanese history and the hegemony of chronological time

61%
Tanaka S.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2023
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vol. 121
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issue 2
407-424
EN
Through an overview of modern Japanese historiography this essay examines the dilemma faced by non-Western (East) and non-modern places when trying to write their own history. The formulation of modern history onto Newtonian time and space-chronological time (progress) and nation-states has been remarkably stable when viewed from the West, but troubling for non-Western places. Since 1868 (Meiji revolution) when a new government endeavored to turn the archipelago into a modern nation-state, Japanese intellectuals and historians accepted the necessity of writing a history of Japan and simultaneously struggled to overcome the stigma of being East or Oriental. They developed several now familiar strategies: more historical research, alternative modernity, and search for authenticity. None accomplished the goal of equivalence. This essay argues that the problems they encountered are in the structure of history itself, in particular, the way that chronological time locks the non-West into a recursive pattern, forever of the East.
15
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Giacinto Scelsi - homo viator and his musical itinerary

61%
Skupin R.
Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology
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2013
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issue 12
127-148
PL
Giacinto Scelsi was a “traveller to the East”, who tied his life inextricably to creative work. As a composer, he sought a path for the renewal of his own musical language, shaped during his youth under the powerful influence of other composers’ styles. On becoming a homo religiosus, in the Eliadean sense, he found his own path to transcendence through art (creation), deeply inspired by those great traditions of the Orient in which art was a reflection of the artist’s spirituality. The topos of the path is one of the main keys to interpreting Scelsi’s work. His works for large orchestra and choir contain distinct traces of a Scelsian “voyage to the East”. They form one great cycle, integrated by the motif of the path, expressed through meanings added in the content of the individual programme-titles. The cycle’s finale, the eschatological Pfhat (1974), is the musical depiction of a journey that ends with “a clear, primordial light,” symbolising man’s encounter with a higher reality and “great liberation” as the goal of his spiritual path. The chronotope of the path is revealed in the very musical material of his orchestral works: in their quasi-visual soundspace. It is manifest, among other things, in the processual form - one might even say the storyline - and the consistently applied procedure of transforming sonorities, texture and rhythmic structures. A fundamental symbolic function is discharged by various forms of “upwards path”, linked to the dramaturgical role of an upwards motion pattern in the melody and an upwards movement in the tonal-harmonic plan of the orchestral works. The most crucial of all the variants of the motif of the path is the direction “into the core”, that is, towards the “inner space” of the sound. This carries significance both in the dimension of the harmonic spectrum of a sound and also its spiritual depth - the mystical dimension. The journey to the centre acquires the status of an emblematic topos of the Scelsian poetic of the viaggio al centro del suono [journey to the centre of the sound].
16
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Les puschts, les bardaches, les « almées… mâles » : une caricature de la femme orientale ou un autre rêve d’Orient ?

57%
Sokołowicz M.
Quêtes littéraires
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2020
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issue 10
EN
The present paper focuses on some representations of male Oriental dancers who dance dressed as women. It tries to answer the question whether those representations form a caricature of the Oriental woman or if it is another, perverse, Oriental dream. The first part of the paper presents the Oriental male dancer and shows how he was perceived in the Middle East and in Europe. The second part discusses the critics of male dancers’ behaviour in the travelogues by Jean Potocki and Vivant Denon. The three following sections analyse three examples of descriptions dating from the 1840-1850 by Gérard de Nerval, Gustave Flaubert and Théophile Gautier. It turns out that, with time, the caricature becomes less obvious and the descriptions are more and more aesthetic. One can no longer only mock and condemn the male dancers, a new perverse dream seems to be born.
FR
La contribution analyse quelques représentations des danseurs orientaux qui dansent habillés en femmes et cherche à répondre à la question de savoir si ces représentations forment une caricature de la femme orientale ou s'il s'agit d'un autre rêve pervers d'Orient. La première partie présente la danseuse mâle et montre sa perception en Orient et en Europe. La seconde partie évoque la critique du comportement des danseuses mâles présente dans les relations de voyage de Jean Potocki et de Vivant Denon. Les trois dernières parties analysent trois descriptions datant des années 1840-1850, créées par Gérard de Nerval, Gustave Flaubert et Théophile Gautier. Il s'avère qu'avec le temps, la caricature devient moins évidente qu'auparavant et les descriptions s'esthétisent. Il n'est plus possible de ne faire que se moquer des danseuses mâles ou les condamner. Un nouveau rêve pervers d'Orient semble faire son émergence.
17
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Orient w twórczości „polskich poetów kaukaskich” (na przykładzie twórczości Tadeusza Łady-Zabłockiego, Władysława Strzelnickiego, Michała Butowta-Andrzejkowicza)

53%
Sattarov S.
Tematy i Konteksty
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2019
|
vol. 14
|
issue 9
313-326
EN
This paper deals with the theme of the Orient in the creativity of “Polish Caucasian poets” (Tadeusz Łada-Zabłocki, Władysław Strzelnicki and Michał Butowt-Andrzejkowicz), as well as the causes of their interests in The East and The Caucasus. According to the author, it is connected with the blossoming of Romanticism in Europe and Russia in the first half of the 19th century. Romantic writers very often referred in their creativity to the themes of romantic love, knighthood, fight for freedom, nature and its beauty, spiritual essence, Orient, world of fantasies and imagination, as well as mythologism or mysticism. The theme of the Orient allowed them to combine all the above-mentioned themes. For “Polish Caucasian poets”, the Caucasus was the East, and romanticism in their creation contributed to view the Caucasus as a different (than ordinary) world offering other possibilities, a different degree and quality of freedom.Therefore, the romanticism of “Polish Caucasian poets” was closely connected with Caucasian orientalism, which enriched Polish literature with new contents. Orientalism in the creativity of “Polish Caucasian poets” acquired its specificity with the dominant motives  referring to freedom, descriptions of nature and beautiful Caucasian landscapes, Eastern (Azerbaijani) mythology, etc. In this way, “Polish Caucasian poets” brought to the Polish romantic literature hitherto unknown in it a new exotic Caucasian colouration and played an important role in the development of relations between the Polish culture and the cultures of Caucasian peoples.
18
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Klęski militarne jako wyraz gniewu Boga w "Dialogu przeciwko Żydowi" Sergiusza Stylity

51%
Żelazny J. W.
Verbum Vitae
|
2018
|
vol. 33
365-383
EN
The text of Sergius the Stylite’s "Dialogue Against a Jew", probably dating from the 8th century, is analysed in this article. One of the key arguments used in the polemic was the matter of punishment, which, according to Sergius, God imposed on the Israelites for their lack of faith and rejection of Jesus. The author of the tract interprets the chosen people’s earthly misfortunes as a sign by which God expressed His disapproval of the Jews’ deeds. Within the text are citations from "The Wars of the Jews" by Flavius Josephus, which Sergius treats as the historical confirmation of God’s plan. The whole argumentation – presenting the impossibility of carrying out acts of worship, together with the misfortunes of the Jewish people, as proof that the Old Covenant has faded away and been passed to Christians – is in line with other anti-Jewish propaganda of Late Antiquity in which the fate of Jerusalem and its citizens is offered as proof that Jewish politeia had faded away.
PL
W artykule poddano analizie tekst Sergiusza Stylity, "Dialog przeciwko Żydowi", pochodzący prawdopodobnie z VII wieku. Jednym z kluczowych argumentów użytych w polemice była kwestia kary, jaką zdaniem Sergiusza wymierzył Bóg Izraelitom za ich brak wiary i odrzucenie Jezusa. Autor traktatu interpretuje bowiem niepowodzenia doczesne, jakie dotknęły naród wybrany, jako znak, poprzez który Bóg wyraził swój brak aprobaty dla działań Żydów. W tekście pojawiają się cytaty z Wojny żydowskiej Józefa Flawiusza traktowane jako historyczne potwierdzenie boskiego wyroku. Sama argumentacja ukazująca brak możliwości sprawowania kultu i klęski, jakie dotknęły naród, jako dowód na przeminięcie Starego Przymierza i jego przeniesienie na chrześcijan, wpisuje się w polemikę antyżydowską późnego antyku, gdzie dowodem na przeminięcie żydowskiej politei był los Jerozolimy i jej mieszkańców.
19
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Związki kultury zachodu i wschodu na przykładzie twórczości Hoca Mimara Sinana

50%
Banasik-Petri K.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uczelni Vistula
|
2015
|
issue 42(4)/2015 Architektura
16-31
PL
W artykule, na podstawie wybranych obiektów architektonicznych, ukazano związki i przenikanie się myśli artystycznej i architektonicznej w XVI wieku między stolicą Wschodu – Stambułem a stolicą potęgi morskiej Zachodu – Wenecją. Przykładem wymiany myśli w dziedzinie teorii architektury, architektury i inżynierii jest twórczość tureckiego architekta Hoca Mimara Sinana (ok. 1489-1588) oraz weneckiego architekta Andrei Palladia (1508-1580). Fascynacja architekturą i sztuką Zachodu jest widoczna w twórczości Sinana w poszukiwaniu formy, dekoracji oraz sposobie kompozycji opartej na harmonii matematycznego piękna będącego funkcją witruwiańskiej triady – firmitas, utilitas, venustas. Sinan, opierając się na klasycznych zasadach sztuki budowania, potrafił nadać swoim budowlom nowy, indywidualny wyraz. Synergia klasycznego umiłowania piękna i orientalnego kunsztu dekoracji promieniowała na Zachód swoją maestrią, nie dziwi więc, iż wybitny teoretyk i praktyk, jakim był Andrea Palladio, uległ fascynacji rozwiązań architekta ze Wschodu. W artykule przybliżono te wątki, ukazując dwie niezwykłe osobowości artystyczne na podstawie wybranych realizacji oraz odnosząc się do dzieła łączącego architektów – traktatu Witruwiusza pt. O architekturze ksiąg dziesięć.
EN
In her article, the author, based on the selected architectonic objects, showed the relationships and interpenetration of the artistic and architectonic thought in the 16th century between the capital of the East, Istanbul, and the capital of the maritime power of the West, Venice. An example of the thought in the field of the theory of architecture, architecture and engineering is the works of the Turkish architect Hoca Mimar Sinan (around 1489–1588) and the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). Fascination of the architecture and art of West is evident in the works of Sinan in seeking for the form, decoration, and the way of composition based on the harmony of mathematic beauty being a function of the Vitruvian triad: firmitas, utilitas, venustas. Sinan, relying on the classic rules of the art of building, managed to provide his constructions a new, individual expression. The synergy of the classic love of beauty and the oriental art of decoration emanated to West with its mastery; therefore, it is not surprising that an outstanding theoretician and practitioner, Andrea Palladio, yielded to fascination of the resolutions of the architect from East. In her article, the author brought closer those topics, presenting the two unusual artistic personalities based on the selected accomplishments and referring to the art linking the architects – the treatise of Vitruvius, entitled De Architectura libri decem.
20

„Ten sam jest Bóg”. Norwid – Abd el-Kader - Ibn ‘Arabi

41%
Gadamska-Serafin R.
Studia Norwidiana
|
2016
|
vol. 34
21-59
EN
The main message of Norwid’s poem Do Emira Abd el Kadera w Damaszku [To Emir Abd el Kader in Damascus] of 1860 reveals his remarkable affinity for the ideas expressed by Abd el-Kader in his French work Rappel à l’intelligent, avis à l’indifferent. Considerations philosophiques, réligieuses, historiques etc. [Call to the intelligent, warning to the indifferent. Philosophical, religious, historical and related considerations] (Paris 1858). It is highly probable that Norwid was familiar with the text by the Algerian national hero, a mystic and an Islamic saint. The spiritual and intellectual closeness of these two remarkable thinkers of the 19th century is striking. The source of the religious universalism in Abd el-Kader’s thought is the legacy of his own spiritual master – the founding father of Muslim mysticism and the most famous Sufi theologian of late Islam – Ibn ‘Arabi. Norwid’s poetry introduced an idea of authentic dialogue of the West with the Arabic East to Polish literature. This dialogue rested on sound metaphysical foundations and on the universalist premises emerging from both traditions – occidental and oriental. In its weight and depth, this dialogue surpassed all the superficial fads and oriental stylisations typical of the epoch. Norwid and the Arab Emir of Damascus expressed unanimously their anxiety about the dangers that the European contemporaneity faced as a result of the false cultural and civilizational assumptions it decided to rest on. They both strove to reconstruct it in accord with a more promising model. They both believed as well that the reconstruction must begin with closing down (first mentally, then historically) the old time of Eurocentrism and religious exclusivism, to open a new era of global humanism.
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