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EN
This article presents the corporatism described in the works of Otto von Gierke. This German scholar, active at the turn of nineteenth and twentieth centuries, created an elaborate concept of social reconstruction based on historical, social and legal studies. In his works, central government and associations are in constant conflict. Both are dominant in certain eras, creating a cycle crucial to development of state and society. Gierke concluded that the next century would be an age of associations. Corporations, the sovereign and self-governed unions, would be fundamental to creation of a new federal state. His concept bore many similarities to the idea of civil society and, in fact, influenced many social activists and early pluralists all over Europe. The article presents Gierke’s ideas in the context of his life and intellectual formation. Moreover, it provides some information on reception of his ideas.
EN
The article is an attempt to analyse the views of Rudolf von Jhering and Otto von Gierke views on the question of social dimension of private property. These two German lawyers formulated their ideas during the period of search for the solutions to socio-economic problems regarding private property and its scope. They both represented essentially identical views on the importance of private property in the context of its existence in the community. In order to fulfill the research task described above, the article firstly analyses the historical and ideological background for solutions to the problems of private property in Germany in 19th century. Secondly, the article examines the question of the individual’s position within the community in the thought of Jhering and Gierke. The third part of the article analyses the views of these scholars on the essence of the legal order in the context of private property. The last part of the article refers to their views on private property perceived as a phenomenon which by definition includes limitations and results in both rights and obligations for the owner.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą analizy poglądów Rudolfa von Jheringa oraz Ottona von Gierke na kwestię społecznego charakteru własności prywatnej. Obydwaj niemieccy prawnicy formułowali swoje idee w okresie poszukiwania rozwiązań dla społeczno-ekonomicznych problemów dotyczących roli własności prywatnej oraz jej zakresu. Zarówno u R. von Jheringa, jak i u O. von Gierke można odnaleźć podobieństwo w zakresie poglądów dotyczących znaczenia własności prywatnej w kontekście jej funkcjonowania we wspólnocie. Dla zrealizowania wyżej sformułowanego zadania badawczego analizie poddano, po pierwsze, tło ideowo-historyczne dotyczące uregulowania problematyki własności prywatnej na ziemiach niemieckich w XIX w. Następnie omówiono postrzeganie wspólnotowej pozycji jednostki w poglądach R. von Jheringa oraz O. von Gierke. Kolejną część artykułu stanowi analiza postulatów omawianych uczonych dotyczących istoty porządku prawnego w kontekście własności prywatnej. Ostatnia część artykułu odnosi się do postrzegania przez nich własności prywatnej jako zjawiska posiadającego w swej istocie immanentne ograniczenia oraz rodzącego po stronie właściciela zarówno prawa, jak i obowiązki.
PL
One of the most important legal problems discussed in the 19th century by German lawyers was that of state liability due to damages resulting from illegal acts of its officials. An influential forum of exchange of ideas was the German Association of German Jurists which organized all-German congresses to solve legal questions in order to promote German unity. Although the problem of state responsibility was discussed at some of the Association congresses in the 19th century, the most interesting was that held in Kiel in 1905. It was due to the fact that many German states had at that time legal regulations concerning state liability, but they were quite different. That generated many complications, making realization of a legal unity within the German Reich difficult. Two proposals for solving this situation were presented at the Congress in Kiel by Otto von Gierke and Rudolf von Herrnritt. Their ideas constituted bases for the discussion which followed. The paper presents the discussion on the state liability, which took place at the Congress in Kiel.
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