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Christian Heretical Participation in the Rebellion of Börklüce Mustafa and Sheikh Bedreddin – Reappraising the Evidence

100%
Stoyanov Y.
Studia Ceranea
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2021
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vol. 11
443-461
EN
The outbreak and Balkan and Anatolian trajectories of the rebellions of Borkluce Mustafa and Sheikh Bedreddin in 1416 still pose a series of religio-historic problems which still do not allow a satisfactory and detailed reconstruction of their chronology. Widening the investigation of the source base for these uprisings and their following remains a crucial desideratum for a better understanding of the turbulent period of the Ottoman interregnum and the Ottoman-Byzantine transition in eastern Anatolia in the early fifteenth century. Apart from the social and political features of the rebellions (which have been treated in a variety of contrasting ideological and methodological frameworks, their striking religious dimension has been also increasingly attracting scholarly and general attention. Earlier and recent research on the Ottoman interregnum period have occasionally advanced arguments for the active participation of Christian heretical groups, whether Christian dualist (Bogomil or Paulician) or radical apocalyptic insurgents of Eastern or Western Christian provenance. Drawing on new advances in research on religious trends in the late Byzantine and Balkan Orthodox and early Ottoman religious life and inter-religious contacts, the paper will offer an reassessment of the evidence of such proposed Christian heretical presence in the uprisings, while also exploring other venues for the provenance of their religious and trans-confessional underpinnings.
2
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Związek kryzysu państwa Osmanów w okresie interregnum (1403-1413) z wasalnymi państwami ościennymi. Kierunek rumelijski

85%
Hauziński J.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2014
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vol. 21
13-24
EN
After the defeat of Bayezid in the battle of Ankara (28 July 1402) the Ottoman state passed through a period of political instability combined with dynastic war and and ethnic strife, and it remained divided until 1413. This period is known as the Interregnum (Fetret Dewri), during which four sons of Bayezid stoked claim to leadership over the Ottomans, while the Christian states tried to take the maximum advantage from the division of the Ottomans by supporting one prince against the others. At this time a strong European crusade might have pushed the Ottomans out of Europe or at least of Balkan countries, but the weakness and division of the south of the Danube and diversion to other matters to the north left an opportunity for the Ottomans to restore what had been crushed without significant loss.
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Zabiegi Zygmunta III o pomoc zagraniczną na wojnę z Turkami w 1590 roku

80%
Milewski D.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2021
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vol. 28
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issue 2
41-56
EN
The paper presents Sigismund III`s efforts to obtain foreign aid in the face of the war against the Turks expected in 1590. Polish efforts in Italy and Reich are discussed, but the main focus is on the imperial court and the Duchy of Prussia, from which the king expected the real help. I present the arguments of both sides and the reasons why Poland did not receive any aid from the emperor, but received it from Duchy of Prussia. I also point to the role of particular interests in bilateral relations between Poland and its political partners as well as the latter ones with the Ottoman Empire, which influenced the decisions on granting or refusing aid to Poland against the Turks.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia zabiegi Zygmunta III zmierzające do uzyskania pomocy zagranicznej wobec spodziewanej w 1590 r. wojny z Turkami. Ukazano zabiegi polskie w Italii i Rzeszy, jednak wagę skupiono na dworze cesarskim i Prusach Książęcych, od których król spodziewał się realnej pomocy. Ukazano sposób argumentacji obu stron oraz przyczyny, dla których Polska nie uzyskała pomocy od cesarza, a otrzymała od Prus Książęcych. Wskazano przede wszystkim na rolę partykularnych interesów w relacjach obustronnych Polski i jej partnerów politycznych, a także tych ostatnich z Imperium Osmańskim, które zaważyły na podejmowaniu decyzji o udzieleniu bądź odmowie pomocy Polsce przeciw Turkom.
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