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THE ORIGINS OF THE STATE OF BANGLADESH (Geneza powstania panstwa Bangladesz)

100%

Treder-Dziedziul D.

Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW

2011

issue 3

59-77

Upon partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, Pakistan consisted of two in parts: West and East. Their common feature was Islam, but they differed language and culture. The more numerous Bengali population in East Pakistan was politically dominated by Urdu speaking West Pakistan. In 1970 the Awami League, a Bengali political party led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won the first free election. Although the Awami League obtained a majority in the National Assembly, the president of Pakistan, Yahya Khan, postponed the convection of the Assembly. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for a strike in East Pakistan. Hence, on March 25 and 26 1970, the West Pakistani army marched into East Pakistan and launched severely repressive actions. Millions of Bengali fled to India causing incredible economic problems for this country. On 7 August 1971 Pakistani air-forces attacked India's western borders. A fortnight's war ended with India's victory over Pakistan, and with recognition of Bangladesh as an independent country. At the end of June 1972, the Presidents of India and Pakistan met in Simla and signed an agreement ending hostility.

ASIA’S CHANGING HISTORY: INDIA’S RELATIONS WITH AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN

72%

Rath S. K.

Asian and African Studies

2013

vol. 22

issue 2

302 – 331

Indians in Afghanistan and Pakistan, although lucky to live in the neglected neighbourhoods, are victims of the hostile and discriminatory state persecution and local environs. Historically acknowledged as one of the centres of Indian civilization, where Buddha himself had travelled, Afghanistan has substantially differed from India in recent times. People of Indian origin in Afghanistan are now dwindling and diminishing, and their conditions are palpable and precarious. Across the Hindukush, Pakistan, the very heart of India till the mid-20th century, holds the dubious distinction of persuading an intolerant approach towards India since its creation. A professed Islamic state, Pakistan’s prejudice towards minorities, even against some Islamic sects, is reflected even in its constitution. Created after an artificial vivisection, it shed its secular character rather too soon to embrace Islam. Immediately after the vivisection, all non-Islamic living mortals, especially the Hindus and Sikhs, in the country were designated as unwanted. Not so long ago a cherished land of Hinduism and Indian civilization, Afghanistan and Pakistan are now nightmares for persons with Indian roots. The author has analysed three basic issues. Firstly, the paper discusses India’s intimate civilizational contacts with the region and how the course of history has changed over a period of time. Secondly, the paper tried to identify those catalysts, which were responsible for the abrupt and indiscriminate mutation of the hard-core ideologies in Pakistan and Afghanistan that has dislodged India from the two countries. Finally, the paper sheds some limited light on the contemporary time and events which have had a bearing on the changing history of Asia.

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1 Asian and African Studies

1 Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW

1 Rath S. K.

1 Treder-Dziedziul D.

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1 2011

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THE ORIGINS OF THE STATE OF BANGLADESH (Geneza powstania panstwa Bangladesz)

ASIA’S CHANGING HISTORY: INDIA’S RELATIONS WITH AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN