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1

EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY AND ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT, 1978 – 1980

100%

Michaľák T.

Asian and African Studies

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2021

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vol. 30

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issue 2

313 - 331

EN

In addition to the bloodstained battle in Lebanon, the closing years of the 1970s also saw the Israelis at loggerheads with the Palestinians on the diplomatic “battlefield.” While the Israeli representatives continued to refuse any idea of negotiation with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), arguing that it was a terrorist group whose main aim was to destroy Israel; the PLO representatives struggled to assure world leaders that they were ready to accept a diplomatic settlement of the conflict based on mutual compromise. The hopes that the American president Jimmy Carter had given to the Palestinians at the beginning of his office were not fulfilled. Carter’s 1977 idea of a “Palestinian homeland” had not been realized. In contrast, the occupation of Palestinian territory and the construction of new illegal Israeli settlements intensified. Therefore, Yāsir cArafāt, the PLO chairman, needed to search for international support elsewhere.

2

JORDAN IN THE STRUGGLE FOR ITS OWN SURVIVAL, 1967 – 1974

88%

Sorby Jr. K.

Asian and African Studies

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2022

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vol. 31

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issue 2

235 – 250

EN

Israel was in occupation of the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and the West Bank of the River Jordan by the 10th June 1967. The effect on all three countries was devastating, but especially for Jordan, which lost a third of its population and its prime agricultural land, and control of the Islamic and Christian sites in Jerusalem. The enormity of the defeat brought about a great change in the attitude of the Palestinians, a large number of whom now became convinced that the Arab regimes were either unable or unwilling to liberate Palestine. The Palestine Liberation Organization’s new tactics began to pose a severe threat to the continuation of the Jordanian monarchy, so in 1970 its guerrillas were driven out of Jordan. Over the next few years the Jordanian government gradually reasserted its authority over the country. Jordan did not participate in the war of October 1973. However, King Ḥusayn, along with his fellow Arab leaders, was obliged to recognize the PLO as the “sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people” at the Rabat Arab summit in October 1974, which inevitably diminished both his authority, and much of what was left of his appeal, on the West Bank.

3

PLO AND THE CIVIL WAR IN JORDAN (1970)

63%

Michaľák T.

Asian and African Studies

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2012

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vol. 21

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issue 1

106 – 121

EN

The June War changed the regional balance in the Middle East, weakening the position of Arab states. The three Arab countries directly involved in the war with Israel lost an important and strategic part of their territories. After a swift air and ground attack, Egypt lost the Sinai Peninsula, which resulted in the closure of the Suez Canal, unfavourably affecting the Egyptian state budget. Syria was pushed out of the Golan Heights – an excellent vantage point for shelling Damascus. This military weakness led top governmental representatives to consider the possibility of a new Israeli attack. Jordan suffered a real loss, not only of territorial but also religious significance. It lost control of the whole West Bank of the Jordan River, including East Jerusalem. Jordanian King Eusayn was aware of the fact that the Israeli seizure of the West Bank called for quick action as a long-term occupation could thwart the unification of the kingdom.

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3 Asian and African Studies

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EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY AND ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT, 1978 – 1980

JORDAN IN THE STRUGGLE FOR ITS OWN SURVIVAL, 1967 – 1974

PLO AND THE CIVIL WAR IN JORDAN (1970)