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PALESTINIANS AND THE OUTBREAK OF CIVIL WAR IN LEBANON (1975)

100%

Michaľák T.

Asian and African Studies

2013

vol. 22

issue 1

112 – 130

After its expulsion from Jordan in 1970, the Palestinian liberation movement began to operate from south Lebanon, where the mountains around Mt. Hermon offered favourable natural conditions for guerrilla activities. The weakness of the Lebanese state and support from some Lebanese factions and Arab states enabled the Palestinians to build a state within a state in Lebanon (similar to the one they had previously built in Jordan) with refugee camps under Palestinian control, all important Palestinian organizations having an independent base in Beirut and widespread infrastructure and fortifications in southern Lebanon. Palestinian guerrilla squads carried out attacks against Israel or fired rockets into their territory. There was a permanent cycle of Palestinian attacks and Israeli retaliations. However, Israeli bombing affected not only Palestinians but also Lebanese from the countryside – especially Shiites, thousands of whom were forced to flee their homes and move to the crowded suburbs of Beirut, angered by a government that did not protect them from the Palestinians or the Israelis. Moreover, conflicts arose between Palestinian armed groups and the Lebanese army, which was trying to prevent the assaults. Political tension in Lebanon was growing.

PLO AND THE CIVIL WAR IN JORDAN (1970)

63%

Michaľák T.

Asian and African Studies

2012

vol. 21

issue 1

106 – 121

The June War changed the regional balance in the Middle East, weakening the position of Arab states. The three Arab countries directly involved in the war with Israel lost an important and strategic part of their territories. After a swift air and ground attack, Egypt lost the Sinai Peninsula, which resulted in the closure of the Suez Canal, unfavourably affecting the Egyptian state budget. Syria was pushed out of the Golan Heights – an excellent vantage point for shelling Damascus. This military weakness led top governmental representatives to consider the possibility of a new Israeli attack. Jordan suffered a real loss, not only of territorial but also religious significance. It lost control of the whole West Bank of the Jordan River, including East Jerusalem. Jordanian King Eusayn was aware of the fact that the Israeli seizure of the West Bank called for quick action as a long-term occupation could thwart the unification of the kingdom.

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PALESTINIANS AND THE OUTBREAK OF CIVIL WAR IN LEBANON (1975)

PLO AND THE CIVIL WAR IN JORDAN (1970)