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Catherine II as a Mediaevalist. A Contribution to the Origin of the Second Partition

100%

Kriegseisen W.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

2004

vol. 111

issue 3

127-140

The file entitled 'The Studio of Catherine II' in the Russian State Archive of Old Acts in Moscow contains 'Les anciennes frontieres de la Russie a l'Occident', a document which up to now has not been published and apparently was never the object of interest of historians studying 18th-century Polish-Russian relations. A description of the document indicates that this is a handwritten note by Catherine II, an annex to a protocol from a session of the so-called Council of State (5/16 February 1792). The document (published as an appendix to this article) refers to historical sources printed during the 18th century (including the chronicles by Gallus Anonymous, Kadlubek and Stryjkowski) in order to prove the historical rights of Russia to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ukraine, at that time part of the Commonwealth. The article discusses the contents and analyses the circumstances in which a document of this sort could have originated in the cabinet of Catherine II. A separate analysis concerns the significance of this text for our knowledge about the partition decisions made in the entourage of Catherine II and the preparations made during the first half of 1772.

POLISH CATHOLICISM DURING CHANGING HISTORICAL CONDITIONS - PARTITIONS - COMMUNISM - INDEPENDENCE (Katolicyzm polski w zmieniajacych sie warunkach historycznych - rozbiory - komunizm - niepodleglosc)

80%

Zygmunt Z.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

2010

vol. 36

issue 2(136)

93-104

In the text, Polish Catholicism is understood as something broader than membership of the Polish Church. Polish Catholicism expresses a set of ideological behaviour and ideological values that affect both the manifestations of religious beliefs and principles of the Catholic faith, as well as a combination of these values with Polishness. This issue is placed within certain time frames, from the period of the partitions, through the interwar period, the war followed by communist rule, and ending with the subsequent independence. There is no doubt that each of these periods brought different circumstances, which also influenced the formation of Polish Catholicism. At the time of the partitions Catholicism retrenched the Polishness of a society exposed to pressure from the Russian Orthodox and Protestant Prussia. Clearly, it assumed different characteristics under the rule of the Habsburgs, strongly confronted with a radical social movement, especially in the Galician countryside. However, this politically difficult period of Polish history contributed towards shaping a conservative Catholicism resistant to religious novelties and left-wing influences. During the interwar period Polish Catholicism followed the same path, although it was exposed to left-liberal confrontation which dominated some aspects of life, i.e. upbringing. However, at the same time, vibrant Catholic activists (The Catholic Action) grew in strength and, although strongly decimated during the German occupation, was able to bear the consequences, enough to prevent the uprooting of catholicity from social life during the Polish People's Republic. Although the role of the hierarchy (Cardinal Wyszynski) and clergy was decisive in this respect, survival and successful development would have been impossible without the support of the Catholic community.

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1 Kwartalnik Historyczny

1 Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

1 Kriegseisen W.

1 Zygmunt Z.

1 2010

1 2004

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Catherine II as a Mediaevalist. A Contribution to the Origin of the Second Partition

POLISH CATHOLICISM DURING CHANGING HISTORICAL CONDITIONS - PARTITIONS - COMMUNISM - INDEPENDENCE (Katolicyzm polski w zmieniajacych sie warunkach historycznych - rozbiory - komunizm - niepodleglosc)