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1

Some Remarks on Wittgenstein's Conception of 'Language Game'

100%
Brykczynski P.
Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria
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2005
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vol. 14
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issue 3
189-201
EN
The paper deals with the role of the term 'language game' (Germ. das Sprachspiel) as part of the terminological equipment of the present-day philosophy of language (in what follows only the English term 'language game' will be used for the sake of simplicity).. Various factors will be taken into consideration. The current uses of the term 'game' in and outside philosophy of language (as well as the differences between the English term 'game' and the German term 'das Spiel') will not be neglected. The author's examination of the various Wittgenstein's uses of the term 'language game' covers both the descriptive content of the term, and the underlying intentions of its introduction into philosophical vocabulary - the intentions to accentuate certain features of language and the intentions to accentuate certain of methodological issues. The author says that Wittgenstein uses the term 'language game' in a way that makes it unsuitable for any substantial role in distinguishing philosophical problems and directions of research. Moreover, all talk about language games results not only in accentuating certain important features of language, but also in blurring some others, equally important. However, the first of these two effects is now less significant than it was in the historical context of Wittgenstein's late philosophy (due to changes that took place not without Wittgenstein's influence).
2

Znaczenie filozofii Kanta dla romantycznego przełomu w teorii języka

100%
Drzazgowska E.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
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2012
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vol. 40
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issue 2
49 - 64
EN
The aim of the paper is to examine the beginning of the Romantic turn as regards the relation between language, thought and reality. The author claims that Kant’s critical philosophy played an important role. First, Kant's philosophy had a conservative influence: the categories presented in the Critique of Pure Reason led scholars to seek for universal notions in diverse languages more intensively. But, secondly, it engendered the objection of Hamann and Herder, which led to the explicit formulation of the thesis of how language influences thinking. Thirdly, in spite of their „metacriticism” of Kant, it was due to the transcendental turn that Hamann and Herder could consider the relation between language and reality. And last but not least, Kant's teleological conceptions gave a frame for the Romantic theory of language as organism, which subsequently evolved into the modern system approach.
3

OD POUŽÍVATEĽOV JAZYKA K SÉMANTIKE

75%
Zouhar M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2009
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vol. 64
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issue 4
297-311
EN
The paper shows that certain well established arguments widely used in the philosophy of language to discredit some semantic theories are, in fact, defective (from the methodological viewpoint). In particular, the direct reference theory is usually rejected, because (i) it is impossible to substitute co-referential proper names for each other in epistemic contexts and (ii) true identity sentences of the form 'a = b', where a and b are proper names, have to be both necessary and a posterior. Both arguments are based on what a competent user of a given language is willing to admit or refuse to admit. It is shown that the language user invoked in these arguments has to be perfect in a certain sense. Otherwise, the arguments are inconclusive. However, if perfect speakers enter the picture, these arguments become theory laden in a certain way and thus fail to be neutral means which can be used to distinguish correct theories from incorrect ones. In this sense, they cannot be used to discredit neither the direct reference theory, nor any other rival theory.
4
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Vachkův pohled na jazykový systém a jazykové normy

75%
Urbanová L.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2010
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vol. 92
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issue 1-2
49-54
EN
In her paper the author recalls her collaboration with the great Czech and world-known Anglicist Josef Vachek, and characterizes his view of the development of the language system. She compares his philosophy of language with that of Wilhelm von Humboldt, who likewise understood language changes as the result of cooperation between internal factors, originating in the language system, and external factors, operating in consonance with ever-changing extralinguistic reality. The paper deals with Vachek’s view of language, which he regards as having two autonomous and complementary language norms: written and spoken. The author presents her position on the shifting borderline between the spoken and the written language in contemporary communication. She compares Vachek’s assessment of the two norms with the British and American approaches as represented especially by M. A. K. Halliday and W. Chafe.
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