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Considerations on the Notion of Disease in the Contemporary Philosophy of Medicine. An Introduction to the Astheneological Concept of Disease

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Sak J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 3-4
239-268
EN
The author aims to focus attention of medical, philosophical, and science of science milieus in Poland to the problem of defining the 'disease'. In the second half of the 20th century, the notion of disease has been largely discussed in monographs, joint publications and articles, particularly by English-speaking authors. This discussion has not been yet acceptably transferred onto the domestic ground. The analysis of many contemporary health and disease concepts proves the existence of three intertwined theoretical plains: first, concerning the examination of the notion of disease and its relation to the sphere of values; second, concerning the status of scientific fact and third, concerning anthropology. The article ponders upon the concepts revolving around the first of the aforementioned theoretical plains, i.e. descriptive and normative theories of disease. The review of selected problems of the contemporary philosophy of medicine serves as a stimulus for concluding the article with the author's own astheneological concept of disease.
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Spór o status poznawczy hipotezy uszkodzeń reperfuzyjnych we współczesnej kardiologii

100%
Rzepiński T.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2011
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vol. 47
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issue 1(187)
87-112
EN
This article presents selected aspects of the discussion on the cognitive status of explanatory hypotheses that were formulated at the end of the 20th century in cardiology in relation to abnormal phenomena observed in clinical practice. The aim is to provide a critical analysis of the validation process for such hypotheses. We are going to point out how their formulation contributed to the creation of three dimensions of the dispute: methodological, ontological and pragmatic. We will argue for the two theses. Firstly, due to the non-falsifiability of formulated explanatory hypotheses an instrumental attitude was adopted. Secondly, it will be demonstrated that adopted cognitive attitudes influenced the evaluation of clinical situations, and as a result, they had an impact on the decision-making process.
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Wpływ Juliana Ochorowicza na kształtowanie się poglądów filozoficzno-medycznych Władysława Szumowskiego

75%
Gryglewski R. W.
Nauka Polska. Jej Potrzeby, Organizacja i Rozwój
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2010
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vol. 19
309-318
EN
The present article is focusing on influence of the thought presented by Julian Ochorowicz on forming philosophical and medical conception of Władysław Szumowski. To be sure, Ochorowicz belonged to one of the most vivid and famous personages of Warsaw Positivism. A contriver, visionary, spiritualist and votary of mediumism rose to speak about many problems that, among others, concerned medicine. Undoubtedly, he was a precursor of a modern clinical psychology in Poland and the first scholar, who perceived the hypnosis to be an important diagnostic and therapeutic method. His stipulation saying that psychology should be an obligatory subject for students of medicine lately has been appreciated properly. Nevertheless, his eccentricity, self-confidence in his skills, and at the same time the fact he did not graduate from medical studies brought about a severe criticism, and even ostracism in medical circles. As he was accused of dilettantism and swindle, only a few were ready to stand up for him and, among others, Władysław Szumowski – a doctor, philosopher and historian, a devotee of the holistic outlook upon medicine. In the field of medicine Szumowski was tending to join physical and material aspects with all what dodges traditional science and is its important fulfillment. The outlooks of Ochorowicz, and particularly the ideas concerning the psychology's presence in medicine, turned out to be interesting for Szumowski, and influenced his theoretical considerations.
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