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CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF STRUGGLE FOR THE POLISH ISSUE AND FOR THE POLISH LEGIONS (Przyczynek do dziejów walki o sprawe polska i o Legiony Polskie (sierpien 1914 - styczen 1916)

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Wrzosek M.

Białostockie Teki Historyczne

2008

vol. 6

135-155

Political struggle for independence was resumed on July 28, 1914, i.e., on the day of the outbreak of World War I. The most important question asked in those days concerned the attitude the Habsburg monarchy was to assume. Two delegates, Hipolit Sliwinski and Stanislaw Downarowicz of the functioning in Galicia 'Commission of Confederated Independence Parties' (Komisja Skonfederowanych Stronnictw Niepodleglosciowych), who were to elucidate this issue, were not in a position to do it. During their stay in Vienna the delegates did not manage to be granted an audience by Austro-Hungarian foreign minister, so to Cracow they returned with nothing. The mission of Juliusz Leo did not bring crucial effects either, even though he acted as leader of the Polish Democratic Party (Polska Partia Demokratyczna). He was satisfied with the lecture of the emperor's planned rescript, which confirmed the announcement of the proclamation of the Polish state with the Sejm in Warsaw. This project, however, was of little significance, as Austro-Hungary did not wish to conclude the Polish issue by granting independence. Leopold Berchtold stated it clearly in the instruction for the Austro-Hungarian ambassador in the Hague, von Giskry. Juliusz Leo, however, was not familiar with the content of his instruction, that is why skilful Austrian diplomats managed to put him off with some empty promises. Yet, as a result of his efforts the 'Supreme National Committee' (Naczelny Komitet Narodowy, abbreviated as NKN) was created. It became a political superior authority of the 'Polish Legions' (Legiony Polskie). The main participant of further struggles for Polish independence was Józef Pilsudski, commander of the First Brigade of the Legions (I Brygada Legionów). Among his opponents were Wladyslaw Sikorski - head of the NKN War Department (Departament Wojskowy NKN) and chief of 'Komenda Legionów Polskich' - Captain Wlodzimierz Zagórski - head of the Polish Legions Command headquarters. Austrian politicians were seriously concerned about the increase of activities aiming at independence under commander Pilsudski's leadership, yet the attempts of their suppression turned out to be useless.

THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN INTELLIGENCE SERVICES AND THE 'POLISH QUESTION' AT THE TIME OF WORLD WAR I (Sluzby informacyjne Austro-Wegier wobec sprawy polskiej w latach pierwszej wojny swiatowej)

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Gaul J.

Studia Historyczne

2010

vol. 53

issue 1

55-75

This article reassesses the problem of the attitude of the Austrian intelligence service towards the 'Polish question' - the Polish legions and the independence movement in 1914 -1918, especially in the period August 1914 - April 1917, when Austrian policy was largely influenced by Generalmajor Oskar Hranilovic-Czvetassin, chief of the Military Intelligence Service. In the early phases of the war, when Austria could still rely on the full potential of its combat troops and reserves, the Military Intelligence Service (Nachrichtenabteilung Armeeoberkommando) sought co-operation with Józef Pilsudski and the Polish nationalists within a limited range of facilitating Austrian military operations. The Polish Riflemen (Strzelcy), a paramilitary organization founded in 1910, were to be deployed in the auxiliary tasks of reconnaissance and sabotage. When the Polish Legions were created in 1914, Hranilovic kept an eye on them (especially Pilsudski's First Brigade) to ensure that they would make the maximum contribution to the Austrian war effort. At first Hranilovic tried to keep Pilsudski in his military post and get him involved in some form of Austrian-backed Polish administration. Eventually, however, gave up on his plans as it became clear that Pilsudski's sole aim was to work for Poland's independence and to transform the Legions into an embryo Polish army. The distrust of the Austrian intelligence also hampered the activities of the clandestine Polish Military Organization. In the late phase of the war the suspicion of all Polish nationalist groups grew so much that co-operation with even the extreme loyalists of Polish National Committee was undermined. It seems that the Austrian intelligence under Major Maximiliar Ronge (who replaced Hranilovic on 12 April 1917) carried on with their routine operations and, in spite of the steady flow of intelligence and political soundings from the German-occupied Kingdom of Poland, they failed to see the challenge and confront the Polish question in all its complexity. In effect the Austro-Hungarian policy was always late in reacting to developments whose accelerating speed eventually brought down the Habsburg monarchy in November 1918.

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1 Białostockie Teki Historyczne

1 Studia Historyczne

1 Gaul J.

1 Wrzosek M.

1 2010

1 2008

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CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF STRUGGLE FOR THE POLISH ISSUE AND FOR THE POLISH LEGIONS (Przyczynek do dziejów walki o sprawe polska i o Legiony Polskie (sierpien 1914 - styczen 1916)

THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN INTELLIGENCE SERVICES AND THE 'POLISH QUESTION' AT THE TIME OF WORLD WAR I (Sluzby informacyjne Austro-Wegier wobec sprawy polskiej w latach pierwszej wojny swiatowej)