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World Literature Studies
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2017
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vol. 9
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issue 2
38 – 48
EN
In all his papers, James S. Holmes kept hammering home a systematic approach to translating and translation studies, while at the same time pointing to the insufficiency of the respective operations and analyses. He coined enduring metaphors for both translation processes and the description thereof – like fans and crosses – but at the same time converted the accompanying vagueness into clarifying diagrams and scientific terms. Holmes duly took into account that both translators and translation scholars “may very likely discover blank spaces” in their own “maps”. And he deliberately did not exclude himself from this assessment. In my contribution, I sketch Holmes’s position in the contemporary landscape of translation studies, both the land he mapped out and in the land that remained virgin territory.
EN
In the first phase of her translating career (1944–1950), influenced heavily by the Prague Linguistic Circle, Julie Nováková used four functional equivalents for the translation of the Greco-Latin dactylic hexameter into Czech: dactylic pentapody (Lucretius), alexandrine (Musaios), a meter “halfway between hexameter and alexandrine” (Vergil) and trochaic octosyllable (Hesiod). The article analyses the relation between the verse form and other formal elements (lexical choices, rhyme) in Nováková’s translations.
EN
The article presents the Slovenian poet Srečko Kosovel (1904 – 1926) in the context of his entire poetic oeuvre, from impressionism and expressionism to constructivism, in a complex understanding of time, space, and inter-literary contacts, with an emphasis on his individual poetic expression. In the analytical part of the article, we focus on the reception of translated Kosovel’s poetry in the Czech and Slovak cultural space during the 20th and 21st centuries. Through an annotated bibliographical survey of published works, we identify three phases of the reception of his poetry in Slovenia, which are also reflected in three stages of translations into Czech and Slovak language: the first one is connected to two anthologies of Slovenian poetry published during the Second World War (1940), the second one is linked to two selections of his poetry that came out in response to the new reception and perception of Kosovel in the 1970s, and the third stage concerns translations published after 2000. We analyse the reception of the poet in translation by both looking into particulars of the selection of poems and composition of individual poetry collections and close reading of selected translations and observing translation strategies of individual translators. In doing so, we draw on analyses of poems that exist in several translated versions or in translations by different translators.
World Literature Studies
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2016
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vol. 8
|
issue 1
35 – 48
EN
Terms such as naturalization, exotization, modernization and creolization were used by Anton Popovič in the so-called Holmes’s crisis in the 1970s, and they have since gone on to become a staple of Slovak translation theory. They rank among the most frequently occurring translation theory and translation criticism terms after equivalence and shifts. Moreover, their use may be considered as crucial when drawing up the Slovak history of translation in the 20th century. As individual periods in translation studies in our country take their turn, one of these tendencies always comes to the fore as the dominant one. After the clear dominance of naturalizing tendencies in the 1950s, when classic translations were preponderant, a predominance of up-dated translations appeared. This was introduced by Feldek’s appearance in the Mladá tvorba literary magazine at the end of the 1950s and throughout the 1960s by the dominance of modern literature. This alternation of dominant tendencies is by no means mechanical, but it is applicable also in hindsight. Whereas in the period of Realism naturalization tendencies (Kukučín, Hviezdoslav) seem dominant, the period of Modernism foregrounds those of exotization (Roy, Krasko). However, in the inter-war period, exotization takes turns with naturalization (Jesenský, Jesenská, Rázusová-Martáková). J. Felix praises these translations although with respect to historization and modernization he is in favour of so-called vivification, i.e. adapting translation to an epoch in which it originated as well as to the reader. Furthermore, Surrealists in the period of the Second World War and shortly before it seem to prefer modernization and exotization over naturalizing translations. Thus, they bridge the period of naturalization from the 1950s to the 1960s when they become closer with the starting generation of Concretists. Again, after 1968 modernization is not pushed to the background mechanically; prime translations are still modernizing or up-dated. After 1989, gradually after a wave of exotization, especially Americanization, one can observe an attenuation of the modernizing and exoticizing methods in supreme translations, those of poems, in particular, in contrast to what was referred to by Felix as vivification on a temporal axis and creolization, i.e. mixing of cultures, by Popovič.
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