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THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS AND TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN POLAND IN 1919-1939 (Rola panstwa w rozbudowie infrastruktury drogowej w Polsce 1919-1939)

100%
Majewski M. W.
Studia Historyczne
|
2010
|
vol. 53
|
issue 1(209)
77-93
EN
The construction of a well-developed road network in Poland in the 19th century was hampered by the non-existence of an independent Polish state. Polish territories annexed by Russia, Prussia and Austria were developed each at its own pace and in the interests of the military and industrial complexes of those countries. As a result in 1918 Poland inherited three rather different road networks. When the hostilities were finally over, the first years of peace (1918-1922) saw a massive effort to repair the devastated road infrastructure. The works were uncoordinated and usually focused on solving the most urgent needs. At that time the total length of roads amounted to 43,000 kilometres. The war also took a heavy toll on the bridges (137,000 meters of bridge surface were wrecked). As funds were scarce, all efforts were concentrated on the maintenance of existing roads to prevent their total degradation. It was not until the military coup of 1926 that the situation began to change. While some old plans were implemented, for the first time work started on new roads. The economic crisis brought these ambitious developments to a sudden halt. A new beginning came in 1933 with a three-year plan of road building, followed by a four-year plan in 1937. Most of the new projects were located in the eastern part of Poland. According to figures published by the Ministry of Transport the total cost of road projects in the interwar period was 1672 millions of zloties . This money was spent on building 20,000 kilometres of paved roads, including circa 3,000 kilometres of reinforced surface, and 110,000 meters of bridges, mostly wooden. In spite of the efforts undertaken by successive Polish governments, the interwar period proved too short to modernize the road infrastructure taken over in 1918
2

THE ACTIVITY OF THE SILESIAN BRANCH OF THE AIR DEFENCE LEAGUE AND THE AIR AND ANTI-GAS DEFENCE LEAGUE IN THE YEARS 1924-1939 (Dzialalnosc slaskiego oddzialu Ligi Obrony Powietrznej Panstwa oraz Ligi Obrony Powietrznej i Przeciwgazowej w latach 1924-1

80%
Domagala M.
Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka
|
2010
|
vol. 65
|
issue 2
213-235
EN
The Silesian Branch of the Air Defence League was founded on the 24th of January, 1924 (in 1927 the name was changed into the Air and Anti-gas Defence League - LOPP). As other local branches of the organization, it played a crucial role in making the idea of the development of the Polish civil aviation and the air and anti-gas defence popular within the society. During the 15 years of their activity, the Silesian Branch reached impressive results thanks to the exceptional generosity of the population of the province. A significant achievement of the organization was carrying out a program of civics: 'Let's learn to fly' which in practice was the beginning of the training of the Polish air defence staff. Silesian LOPP led numerous air modelling works hops which attracted lots of young people. The most talented pupils could continue the education and improve their skills at Silesian schools for airmen which were created also thanks to the contribution of the League. It was also proud of excellent effects in civil population training: it arranged periodical training presenting the methods and means of neutralization of chemical weapons, prepared people for such dangers, built shelters supplied with filters, respirators and oxygen cylinders. Paramilitary organizations between the Wars, the League included, were the training centre for units of the National Defence. They trained reserve officers, sub-officers and privates, obviously strengthening defence of the country. The outbreak of the WWII destroyed the output of the League, but their members distinguished themselves in the combat.
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