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1

Old Lithuanisms in the Polish Dialects of Trakai Region

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Rutkowska K.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

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2006

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vol. 30

359-371

EN

The article analyses lexical Lithuanisms in the Polish dialects of the Trakai region. The aim of this research was to show some aspects of archaic Lithuanian loanwords functioning such as: sphere of usage in certain semantic groups; their constant or occasional usage; their independent functioning or usage side by side with other languages borrowings. Up to now only a small group of widely spread words has been defined. As a rule, these are words which don't have any Polish eqiuivalent. They name people's physical appearance (kliszawy, lepaty, murzaty), their characteristic actions (kuciniac, rozkiereczyc sie), as well as plants (burkulki, lebiaki, jurginia), atmosphere phenomena (odliga, burbulki), etc. However, most Lithuanisms are used occasionally only in conversations about past life and old rural work (poszor, rezgini, plaskoni, szamocha, szylnik, skaracz). There is now doubt that these words occupied a certain place in the dialect in the past, while nowadays they are disappearing completely or are used equally with native Polish lexis or other languages adoptions, e.g. bronkt : orczyk; waga : brzozna; kudra : bizulka; szwilpiki : kakory. The article also analyses amorphous lexis and onomatopoeia functions in the Polish dialects of this region, e.g. szkir, juksz, put'-put'; gargac, krektac. .

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HUMAN APPEARANCE IN THE LOANWORDS FROM THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF POLISH DIALECTS IN LITHUANIA) (Zapozyczenia litewskie dotyczace wygladu czlowieka (na materiale gwar polskich na Litwie))

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Rutkowska K.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

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2009

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vol. 33

157-172

EN

In this article, the vocabulary of the Lithuanian origin concerning human appearance, which can be found in the Polish dialects in Lithuania, is presented. These words describe such physical characteristics as too large or very small stature, bowleggedness, lameness, gibbosity; they are expressive, marked with negative shade. A significant group is also made by lexemes designating separate parts of the body, such as a thigh, a hip, a fist, a finger, genitals etc. In most cases, we deal with borrowings of fixed semantic structure in comparison to their equivalents that are used in Lithuanian. Some greater semantic distinctions can be observed on an example of penetration of the Lithuanian expressions in the Belarus and Russian dialects. It is possible to assert that the only feature accompanying borrowing of Lithuanian expressions in the Polish Language is change of a stylistic pattern. Some lexemes are still actively used (e.g. kurdupel, dylda, dryblas, rozkieraka) and the reason for it may be in the shortage of corresponding lexemes in Polish. In an example of some lexemes, there is an apparent tendency in avoiding of dialectal words and using Polish lexemes instead (e.g. using 'biodro' instead of 'kulsza', 'kumpiak').

3

LITHUANIAN BORROWINGS DENOTING HUMAN STATES, DISPOSITIONS AND THE WAYS OF EXPRESSING FRANKNESS AND UNWILLINGNESS (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF POLISH DIALECTS IN LITHUANIA) (Polish title below)

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Rutkowska K.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

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2011

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vol. 35

EN

(Polish title: Zapozyczenia litewskie oznaczajace sklonnosci i stany czlowieka oraz sposoby wyrazania czulosci lub niecheci (na materiale gwar polskich na Litwie)). The present article is a continuation of the previous studies (Rutkowska, 2009, 2010) dedicated to Lithuanian borrowings. Two previous articles have been related to human appearance and mental characteristics. The subject of the present article is Lithuanian borrowings which describe specific human dispositions and mental states, as well as the usage of epithets and the ways of addressing other people (terms of endearment). The lexical material of the article and vocabulary analyzed previously allows to state that the words referring to man make up a group of fairly large vocabulary of Lithuanian origin. It has been observed that words of such semantic categories as agriculture, weaving, fishery, construction are characterized nowadays as archaic because of the disappearance of a particular type of folk culture and changes in the field of rural activities. However, different ways of describing a person are still present in various dialect areas. A varying degree of adaptation of borrowed lexemes suggests that the penetration of such lexemes was a continuous process, which lasted throughout the period of the contact of Polish and Lithuanian dialects, and this process is continuing at the present day. The reason for the linguistic behavior of this type of Lithuanian words in Polish dialects is semantic capacity and expressiveness of these lexemes.

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3 Rutkowska K.

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Old Lithuanisms in the Polish Dialects of Trakai Region

HUMAN APPEARANCE IN THE LOANWORDS FROM THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF POLISH DIALECTS IN LITHUANIA) (Zapozyczenia litewskie dotyczace wygladu czlowieka (na materiale gwar polskich na Litwie))

LITHUANIAN BORROWINGS DENOTING HUMAN STATES, DISPOSITIONS AND THE WAYS OF EXPRESSING FRANKNESS AND UNWILLINGNESS (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF POLISH DIALECTS IN LITHUANIA) (Polish title below)