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1

POLISH ECONOMY IN THE FACE OF GLOBAL UNCERTAINTY (Polska gospodarka wobec zawirowan globalnych)

100%
Chroscicki T.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2009
|
issue 2(42)
3-24
EN
The article presents a synthetic assessment of the most important conditionings of the Polish economy in the period of confusion caused by the global crisis. In the introduction, the author shortly characterises crisis phenomena. Subsequently, the analysis of the influence of these phenomena on a real sphere and a financial sector is made. A short-term forecast of the development of the situation in Poland in comparison to other European Union countries is noteworthy.
2

POLISH ECONOMY IN 2009 WITH ELEMENTS OF ECONOMIC FORECAST FOR THE YEARS 2020-2011 (Polska gospodarka w 2009 r., z elementami prognozy na lata 2010 - 2011)

100%
Chroscicki T.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2010
|
issue 2 (46)
3-19
EN
In 2009 the economic situation in Poland was to a considerable degree determined by processes observed in world economy. The consumption and investment dynamics was getting smaller by the quarter of the year, parallel to a substantial reduction in the reserve level. This resulted in an essential decrease in wage pressure and, in a number of sectors, in a drop in real wages. Furthermore, the imbalance in the state budget of local government units deteriorated significantly. On the positive side, however, was the fact that inflation was under control. What is more, there was a decrease in the external imbalance of the country which manifested itself in a low deficite in foreign trade. There was a distinct recovery in the situation on the Stock Exchange and an increase in price of investment fund units. A high priority of the Polish economy for the very near future is to overcome a tendency for stagnation and to stop the growth in the budget deficite, as well as the increase in public debt. The situation in the world poses a seriuos threat to a recovery of the economy in our country. A number of factors indicate that during the period 2010 - 2011 an upturn in the economic climate worldwide, including the EU member countries, will be moderate. The economic growth of Poland will be supported by the private and social sector consumption and public investments. Only in years to come, despite growing inflation, can we expect a growth in real wages of the population and consumers' trust.
3
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Poland's Fiscal Policy in the Light of the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)

100%
Samojlik B.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2004
|
issue 14
43-78
EN
The place and importance of the fiscal criteria and the excessive deficit procedures (EDP) within the set of the Maastricht convergence criteria, as well as their basic importance for the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) were presented. Also, the evolution of the attitude of the EU zone countries towards these criteria before and after the birth (1999) of the euro zone was shown. The extent was examined to which the Maastricht Treaty criteria and the SGP provisions were applied in the period of 1999–2003 by the EU organs when assessing the fiscal policy of individual countries under the excessive deficit procedure. Despite the fact that the admissible ceiling of the deficit-to-GDP ratio had repeatedly been considerably overstepped by the majority of the euro zone countries, no sanctions or penalties were ever applied. The EU organs confined themselves only to the so-called early warning to the countries concerned. The primary reason for the EU organs' abstention from applying the Treaty criteria and the SGP provisions was the fact that the Maastricht Treaty had adopted the nominal deficit as the basis for the assessment whether and to what extent the given country had infringed the fiscal discipline. Whereas, in a situation where the GDP is growing more slowly than the potential rate of growth, it is necessary, in order to avoid adverse consequences of a restrictive fiscal policy, to be guided by the structural rather than nominal deficit. Despite the infringement of the principle of avoiding an excessive deficit by the biggest euro zone countries and the lack, even in cases of drastic infringement of the fiscal discipline, of applying the sanctions and penalties foreseen by the Excessive Deficit Procedure, both the EDP and the Stability and Growth Pact have fulfilled their function of non-discretionary tools of public finance improvement both in the euro zone and throughout the EU, as the ED procedure applies to all the EU member countries. It was against this background that the Polish programme of fiscal convergence for 1995-1997, being a part of the general convergence programme filed in connection with the country's EU accession, was analyzed. The analysis has shown that, among the tasks under the above convergence programme, there are some that can prove to be very difficult to implement: 1- the adjustment of the Polish regulations (inclusive of the constitutional provisions) governing the position of the central bank to the requirements of the Maastricht Treaty, the ECB constitution and the statutes of the European System of Central Banks; 2- the need to accept after 2007, i.e. at the time when Poland's membership of the euro zone can become practical, that the Open Pension Funds (OPFs) do not make a part of the public sector and, consequently, the resources gathered by them are not public funds and, thereby, the liabilities of the Social Insurance Fund to the OPFs are public liabilities that augment the ratio of the public sector deficit and the public debt to the GDP.
4

THE CONSUMER'S PLACE IN A MARKET SET-UP AND THE ECONOMY'S FACTOR COMPETITIVENESS (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE POLISH ECONOMY)

80%
Gardocka-Jalowiec A.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2009
|
issue 3(43)
17-28
EN
The problem of the Polish economy is low factor competitiveness. The businesses are commonly believed to be of great importance in creating competitive economy, whereas the aims of businesses are greatly regulated by consumers. Consumers, being the least significant yet the most numerous section of economy, are the entity which both entrepreneurs and different business groups must recognize. New conditions and socio-economical phenomena, resulting from the process of transformation of the Polish economy, show distinctive growth of importance of market consumption. The lack of relatively solid and harmonized attitudes in mutual exchange of economic subjects on goods and tangible and intangible services market on the one hand and the lack of them on the employment and financial markets on the other hand do not condition creating a stable and homogenous system of behaviour in a widely conceived intra-economical cooperation. Not downgrading the role of businesses in building competitive economy it may be argued that consumers, through their participation in widely conceived market game (social), initiate the processes shaping directly and indirectly the (present and future) competitive capability of economy.
5

POLISH ENTERPRISES ON THE WAY TO THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY

80%
Kotowicz-Jawor J.
Studia Ekonomiczne (Economic Studies)
|
2008
|
issue 1-2
33-42
EN
Under dynamic technological and civilisation changes occurring on the global market the key challenge is high adaptiveness of businesses to such processes through building qualitative foundations for competing and active participation in an innovation-driven race. This means following a new development paradigm of maximising the knowledge. These criteria are satisfied by businesses in developed, creative knowledge-based economies (KBE), like Ireland and Finland. The purpose of this paper is to answer a question how to assess the adaptiveness capability of Polish companies to changes occurring globally and requirements of the KBE after Poland's joining the UE. To what extent does integration with the EU influence the scope of imitation of behavior of the so-called learning organisations by Polish businesses? The paper presents an argument that EU accession has been a breakthrough impulse for increasing adaptiveness of Polish companies to compete on the global market in terms of quality and to initiate their path towards the KBE.
6
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Zagraniczne centra B+R a innowacyjność polskiej gospodarki

80%
Jabłońska M.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2011
|
issue 4
113-132
EN
The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the impact of foreign R&D centers for innovation of the Polish economy in the context of Polish innovation policy. In considering an attempt to diagnose the main factors for which Poland is an attractive location for foreign R&D centers, characterized the profile of the foreign entrepreneur who wants to operate on the Polish market as an R&D Center. An important aspect of the work has become illustrate the impact on the innovativeness of Polish economy, in times of recent years, foreign investment was in respect of their research and development activities.
7

Global and Domestic Conditions Affecting the Operation of Businesses in Poland

80%
Gorynia M., Kowalski T.
Ekonomista
|
2008
|
issue 1
51-76
EN
The article aims to identify and assess the key external and internal macro conditions that influence the development of the Polish economy and companies, both, at present and in the future perespective. The first section is devoted to diagnosis of the current global macroeconomic environment. Emphasis has been put on the systemic conditions of globalization and the impact of globalization on interest rates, prices and international trade. Special attention has been put on the role of the Asian emerging market economies. The second section contains an attempt to assess perspectives of economic development, sources of disequilibria in trade and capital flows as well as potential correction scenarios of the accrued disequilibria. The following section deals with the situation on the oil and commodity market and assesses the impact of globalization on wages and salaries. The above analysis and context is then used to assess the Polish companies' and the whole economy perspectives. The particular emphasis is put on development of tradable sector, investment and labor markets rigidities.
8
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THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SECTOR OF SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESSES AFTER 1989 (Rola i znaczenie sektora malych i srednich przedsiebiorstw po 1989 roku)

70%
Jedrzejczak-Gas J.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2010
|
issue 3(336)
117-137
EN
In 1989 the process of transformation of Polish economy started - the process of transition from a central planning economy to market economy. One of the greatest achievements of the reformatory initiatives undertaken at that time was a dynamic development of entrepreneurship. Within the span of merely a few years this led to the rise of small and medium businesses, a sector that played an important role in the socio-economic development of Poland. The dynamic development of private enterprise at the beginning of the 1090s was instrumental in relatively quickly pulling Poland's economy out of deep recession. Subsequent years of transformation showed that small and medium businesses markedly increased their share in employment, GDP and investment expenditures.
9

HUMAN RESOURCES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND THE COMPETITIVENESS OF POLISH ECONOMY IN 2004 - 2010

61%
Gardocka-Jalowiec A.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2011
|
issue 5(53)
40-60
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze human resources in science and technology in the competitive context of the Polish economy against other EU states' in the years 2004 - 2010. The basis for research are the assumptions of the Lisbon Strategy and its successor, Europe 2020. The research problem is a relatively low level of competitiveness of the Polish economy in the years 2004 - 2010. The source material to evaluate the level of competitiveness is based on the reports of two leading institutes: World Economic Forum (WEF), and International Management Development (IMD). The following considerations assume that human resources in science and technology (HRST) are a significant source of competitive, economic potential. It has been found meaningful to investigate and evaluate these resources in Poland, and to compare the results with other EU states. Due to availability of data, only years 2004 - 2009 were analyzed. Empirical analysis has shown that in the analyzed period Poland indicated: (1) a high rate of HRST growth, significantly higher than EU-27's;(2) a rising share in HRST in general population, also in the number of economically active population, yet still lower than in other EU-27 states; (3) a high rate of growth in the number of specialists and engineers employed in the science and technology sector - a rate three times higher than in EU-27 average. The basis for these considerations is the available and most recent statistical data from EUROSTAT, WEF and IMD reports, European Commission documents - Lisbon Strategy, Europe 2020 - and OECD guidelines for HRST measurement ('Canberra Manual').
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