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1

Transformation Uncompleted (Transformation of the Polish Middle Class: From Dynamic Origin to Political Burden)

100%
Lelen T.
Studia Polityczne (Political Studies)
|
2005
|
issue 17
43-75
EN
The author made an attempt to describe transformation changes in Poland, which had their influence onto Polish middle class formation. The middle class is a symbol, a social core and an environment where the free market economy used to develop in normal circumstances. In order to set up a strong middle class, some circumstances that do not fetter business exchange have to be created. Such circumstances are offered by a modern, free competitive and liberal market economy being supported with a representative sort of democracy. World first rank countries did it. During several centuries the countries of Western Europe and North America established the most effective economical and civilization pattern which was really conducive for people's individual development. Let's ask the fundamental question: does Poland endeavor towards such a pattern making development and welfare is possible or not? Some officials assure us that we are approaching towards the European civilization. It was the truth for the first 4 years of Polish system changes. The period 1989-1993 is the time of free competitive and liberal economy formation. During the period Polish middle class created above 2,5 million private enterprises. Unfortunately after 1993 the party of politicians who were interested in state intervention won here. In a dozen or so next years some limitation of business freedom occurred as well as taxation increase, multiplication of bureaucracy and legal regulations that obstructed economical exchange. The effects of such policy were as follows: increase of Polish middle class population was stopped, the growth of imposed capital levy and 'galloping' unemployment. Since 1993 until today the interventionists of that sort have altered so called 'The Tiger of Middle Europe' for a country similar to the neighboring ones outside Eastern borders. Moreover, modernization of educational system, offence organs, law courts, public finance system has not been done yet. Nevertheless, the chance for market changes reopening in Poland appeared once again. They would give an opportunity for middle class development and unemployed people.
2

POLITICAL CHANGES OF THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY AS THE OBJECT OF MODERN ECONOMIC RESEARCH (Zmiany systemowe konca XX wieku jako obiekt wspólczesnych badan ekonomicznych)

51%
Maksimczuk A.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2009
|
issue 4(44)
63-82
EN
The problems connected with the so-called political breakthrough of the 20th century have obviously been and they are still regarded to be extremely important. Exactly in this way are they seen, not only in Poland but also in other countries which had experienced that. They are not only important for observers but also globally, from a point of view of other countries. Political transformation, even if we could treat it as completed, is very crucial. Nevertheless, not less important and topical is the process of improving of mechanisms connected with the functioning and developing of still new, in those countries, free market economy. Of course, those changes had already been the subject of research - from a theoretical and empirical perspective. However, the question remains topical: Has everything in this respect really been investigated and discovered? Certainly not everything yet. Thus, the question arises: What direction, and why, should the evolution of economic research within this scope take?
3
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JUDICIAL CONTROL OF THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE LAW (Sadowa kontrola konstytucyjnosci prawa)

44%
Mistygacz M.
|
2011
|
vol. 56
|
issue 5(340)
29-44
EN
In the majority of the continental Europe countries, judicial control of the constitutionality of the law is exercised by a special body of the judicial branch - the constitutional court, which in Poland is the Constitutional Tribunal. The Tribunal is an autonomous state body, independent of the legislative and executive branches. It examines whether legal acts, international agreements and other normative acts are compliant with the Constitution of Poland, it examines constitutional complaints, whether the objectives and activities of political parties are compliant with the Constitution; it settles competence disputes among central state bodies and gives a decision as for obstacles of the President of Poland to perform duties. The author presents the specifics of the Tribunal and the evolution of its role after political transformations in Poland. He also discusses the mandate of the Tribunal and the nature of its decisions.
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