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1

SEMANTIC VARIATION, SEMANTIC INVARIANT AND AMBISEMY IN RUSSIAN

100%
Kirklewicz A.
Slavia Orientalis
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2008
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vol. 57
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issue 1
129-145
EN
The author considers the notion of ambisemy as a factor of semantic interpretation of linguistic signs in the different syntagmatic contexts. The ambisemy means the co-operation of two meaning components: the endosemantics of signs, i.e. of their system, linguistic content, as well as the exosemantics, i.e. the grounded on knowledge about world, cognitive semantics. Semantic invariant contains the relation between two objects, which is treated in given social group as a norm. The author analyses the realization of the ambisemy on the lexical and grammatical categories, in peculiarity on the relative and valuing words as well as on the grammatical category of aspect.
2

PROTOTYPE MEANING OF SLOVAK MODAL VERBS GRAMMATICALIZATION (Prototypovy vyznam slovenskych gramatikalizovanych modalnych slovies)

100%
Pekarikova K.
Slavica Slovaca
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2010
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vol. 45
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issue 1
43-51
EN
The aim of the article is to elucidate the polysemy of Slovak modal verbs from the point of view of G. Lakoff 's prototypes. The process of grammaticalization has shown that high polysemy is the common denominator of basic modal verbs in Slavic languages. Moreover, it has helped to uncover the primary/original grammatical function of the full meaning verb have with a specific lexical meaning of possession.
3
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Slovesná prefixace ve světle Langackerovy kognitivní gramatiky

100%
Lehouckova Z.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2010
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vol. 71
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issue 4
340-349
EN
Word-formation is the ‘border zone' between linguistic system and linguistic usage. Langacker's usage-based approach to language represents an attempt to describe and explain a linguistic system as a product of cognitive processes (e.g. perception, attention, categorization, memory). This paper proposes an alternative approach to the description and explanation of semantic characteristics of Czech verbal prefixes (of the prefix vy- in particular) using Langacker's ideas as the most important theoretical basis. The variety of semantic behaviour of the Czech prefix vy- is traditionally explained as a rich polysemy of this morpheme or as a loss of its meaning. This paper supposes a multi-level system of schematic verbal concepts (linguistic units) related to the most general meaning of the prefix vy-: ‘schematic vy-verbs'. Each of them is an abstraction of a category of real vy-verbs. For example, the verbal category vyzurit se, vyplakat se, vydovadet se, vypsat se, vypovidat se is represented by a schematic vy-verb ‘vy-V ('vent emotions') (se)'. These schematic verbal concepts are considered very important for the process of prefixation, especially in cases of significant semantic difference between simplex and prefixed verb. This approach should be able to identify previously unnoticed semantic relations.
4
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The Fundamental Types of Borrowings in the Belarusian-Lithuanian-Polish frontier

100%
Starichenok V.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2006
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vol. 30
323-332
EN
The nature of borrowings in the Belarussian-Lithuanian-Polish frontier area is determined by specific character of the region, where the elements of traditional Belarusian, Lithuanian dialects & Russian language as well as dialects of 'Polshchyizna kresova' are retained. One can single out lithuanisms and polonisms, a considerable part of which has been consolidated in the Belarussian language and it's functional styles and has passed all the stages of semantic adoption. Polysemants within frontier region feel on them the influence of different dialectical systems components, that is reflected in the character of their modifications. Depending on their correlation with primary sources we can distribute borrowings into 4 fundamental groups: a) borrowings with identical correlation of lexical-semantical variants (LSV) that practically copy the semantics of foreign units, b) borrowings with relations of non-coincidence (in such a case LSV of sources on Belarussian ground are lost, forgotten and therefore within semantic structures of polysemants new LSV, previously unknown, are stated), c) borrowings with relations of crossing (semantic structures of such polysemants in Belarussian dialects and sources do not coincide at all, because, as a rule, only a part of LSV, but not the whole, is adapted, so new LSV, usually of local character, appear on it's base), d) borrowings with relations of inclusion (in such a case a word in Belarussian language and it's Polish or Lithuanian equivalents differ in quantity of LSV: in one case a foreign word keeping certain meanings of original language on the Belarussian ground develops new LSV, so it increases the semantic paradigm; in the other case a borrowing in Belarussian language loses some LSV and narrows it's semantic extent). .
5
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Několik poznámek k lexikografickému zpracování německých antonym

88%
Šemelík M.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2009
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vol. 91
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issue 1
37-44
EN
The subject matter of the paper is Wolfgang Müller’s dictionary of antonyms: “Das Gegenwort- Wörterbuch. Ein Kontrastivwörterbuch mit Gebrauchshinweisen”. It predominantly focuses on how the dictionary meets the needs of its users. In this regard, the analysis reveals that Wolfgang Müller’s dictionary shows considerable weaknesses especially in (a) the coverage of the lexis, (b) the provision of antonyms in the case of polysemous lexemes and (c) the quality of information in the microstructure. On the other hand, it is worth noting that the dictionary includes word-forming elements. As their inclusion in the macrostructure enables users to understand items that are not listed in the dictionary, this fact represents the main advantage of Müller’s dictionary. Nonetheless, in terms of price and general value the final product itself can hardly be regarded as a special bargain.
6

OTVORENÁ TEXTÚRA POJMOV A PRAVIDIEL – VODA NA MLYN PRE SUBJEKTIVIZMUS V APLIKOVANEJ SÉMANTIKE?

75%
Gahér F., Mrva M., Števček M., Turčan M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2020
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vol. 75
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issue 4
309 – 323
EN
When using natural language in a domain of a special discipline, which is fundamentally based on its use (for example, language of law), we are led on the one hand by the need for precision and unambiguity and on the other hand by the need for brevity and efficiency. A specific semantic problem for texts expressing a system of normative rules for the regulation of actions is the question of their efficient applicability in new situations. Herbert Hart came up with a suggestion on how to solve these dilemmas in the field of law and was loosely inspired by the theory of open texture of concepts. He saw the solution in an inevitable defeasibility of a rule, which, in his view, is caused by the open texture of the goal pursued by the rule. However, extensive use of the instrument of open texture of a concept or a rule can be fuel for the fire of subjectivism in semantic practice. It is necessary to distinguish the phenomenon of open texture of concepts from the polysemy of natural language expressions and the phenomenon of so-called privative modification. Applicative flexibility and effectiveness of normative theory is aided by a more appropriate generality of concepts, which is achieved, for example, by recodification of law, rather than by artificially extending the scope of concepts on the basis of their fuzziness.
7

Dziad i formy pochodne jako wyrazy motywujące w onimii polskiej

75%
Wójcik U.
Onomastica
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2013
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vol. 57
167–174
EN
The article takes up the problem of the mutual relations of appellatives and the secondary category, in relation to them, of proper names in a diachronic formulation. The goal of this article was to attempt to trace the fortunes of the appellative dziad and derivative forms as terms motivating the creation of many names in Polish onymy, primarily in anthroponymy and toponymy. Proper names in diachronic formulation comprise a secondary category in relation to appellatives, and in connection with this, the studies had a multi-directional character — they dealt with both the appellative layer of the language as well as the proprial. The lexico-semantic methodology used in the article is based on the meaning of appellative lexical units, with consideration of their polysemy and meaning shifts. Proper names were subjected to further analysis based on genetico-motivational interpretation of the onyms. The studies conducted made it possible to grasp and show the development of the proprial category in Polish onymy in close connection with the history of development of the appellative sphere from the Early Slavic period to contemporary times. As a result of various conditioning, linguistic and beyond, primarily anthropological and cultural, the proud dziad changed into the needy beggar dziad, that is, negative reprofiling of its initial fundamental meaning) occurred. This was reflected also in the proprial sphere of the language.
8
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AMBISEMY AS A CATEGORY OF FUNCTIONAL SEMANTICS

75%
Kiklewicz A.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego
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2008
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vol. 64
63-76
EN
The article concentrates on the controversial questions of functional semantics, and namely the semantic distinctness of words in linguistic communication. The author distinguishes two levels of meaning variants: polysemy (semantic mutations) and diasemy (semantic modifications). Based on the example of possessive pronouns the author argues for the necessity of using the notion of semantic invariant in linguistics. The invariant category is realized in the language system as ambisemy, i. e. the reference to cognitive base of the linguistic subjects, which has nomothetic or empirical character during interpretation of compositional signs (especially formal indiscreet, semantically ambivalent). Two components are distinguished of the structure of meaning: endosemantic, which in case of the derived words is identical with their internal form, as well as exosemantic, which shows the sender's knowledge on the subject of standard relation between referents of word group components.
9

Quedar: Entre cambio y permanencia

75%
Gomez V. L.
Estudios Hispánicos
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2011
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vol. 19
51-60
EN
There is a number of verb-noun combinations which maintain a semantic correspondence with simple verbs (e. g. dar un abrazo — abrazar ‘to give a hug — to hug’). Traditionally, they have been accounted for as consisting of a grammaticalized functional verb which originates from a homonymic main verb, but this kind of account is unsatisfactory. On the one hand, there is no evidence supporting the alleged grammaticalization. On the other, this implies duplicating units and categories. A metaphor-based account, on the contrary, provides a more adequate explanation. First, an ontological metaphor achieves the reification of abstract entities, which then allow for the same kinds of operations as physical objects. This provides a basis for an additional metaphor consisting in some of kind of manipulation. These second-level metaphors do not appear in isolation. Rather, they tend to deploy as consistent networks which develop the original idea. There is no syntactic or lexical innovation. Preexistent units and structures are simply reused through metaphorical extensions which increase polysemy.
10

POJEM VERZUS KONCEPCIA SPRAVODLIVOSTI V ANALYTICKEJ FILOZOFII PRÁVA (2. časť)

75%
Neština M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2022
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vol. 77
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issue 5
339 – 356
EN
The article is a continuation of the author’s contribution Concept vs. Conception of Justice in Analytic Philosophy of Law (Filozofia 2022/4). It focuses on explaining polysemy as a kind of linguistic indeterminacy that constitutes one of the main reasons why courts come to interpret legal texts. The study discusses polysemy from the perspective of the theory of language used by A. Marmor in his theory of interpretation. The author shows the limits of semantic analysis in law and the role of normative presuppositions, which influence the final outcome of judicial decision-making not only in terms of content, but are also important for the choice of formal means that are applied in the context of this decision-making.
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