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EN
This paper examines the role of the advent of printing in explaining financial integration in Central Europe until 1520. It finds that printing promoted financial integration because it triggered a fall in the costs of transmitting information, assisted the functioning of the Holy Roman Empire in major centres and significantly increased the financial importance of human capital.
EN
The article attempts to create an initial typology of Polish prayer-books, popular especially in the 19th century, that had one common title The Golden Altar, or different variations of this title, like The Little Golden Altar, The Everyday Altar, The Polish Altar, The Roman-Catholic Altar. The research that has been conducted up till now, taking into consideration the place of publication and similarity of the contents, allows distinguishing the following groups of editions of this prayer-book: 1) the Winnicki group, 2) the missionary group, 3) the Vilnius group, 4 ) the Czestochowa group, 5) the Berdyczow group, 6) the Galician group, 7) the Poznan group, 8) the Silesian group, 9) the Witwicki group, 10) the Odyniec group, 11) other ones. The above typology is a preparation for examining the contents of particular prayerbooks, and then for an attempt at answering the question about how strongly they influenced the formation of religiousness in the 19th century.
EN
Written and printed works are one of the most important cultural achievements of every country and nation. This often priceless heritage is protected, among other things, by libraries which are responsible for collecting, preparing, storing, protecting and sharing their collections. The article focuses on one form of protection of these resources – the Polish National Library Resource (NLR), which has a legal basis and gives examples of good practice. The analysis presented in this paper covers the normative Acts that cover only those collections which are unique and exceptionally valuable for Polish culture. It was found that perception of these special collections has changed and that nowadays there are only a small number of libraries that take part in the NLR programme.
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