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1

PRISONERS-OF-WAR IN THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1775-1783) (Jency wojenni w amerykanskiej wojnie o niepodleglosc (1775-1783))

100%
Niewinski L.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
|
2010
|
vol. 8
59-78
EN
The first shots between the rebellious colonies and Great Britain were fired on April 19,1775 at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. They started an internal conflict, which lasted until the signing of peace by the both sides in September 1983. British authorities ordered to treat American prisoners-of-war as criminals acting of ultimate treachery. However, representatives of the Continental Congress and the offcers of the Continental Army believed that the common law guaranteed humanitarian treatment of prisoners-of-war, their exchange and release on trust. During the War of Independence the British gathered the majority of American prisoners-of-war in New York, and then placed them under the decks ofwarships. Release of prisoners-of-war on trust (to a great extent based on the war customs) was also widely practiced. However, Americans used prisoners-of-war mainly as workforce, also in their arms manufactures. In this way they added to the military potential of the country, and the prisoners-of-war, thanks to their work, lived in better conditions. Yet, during the war the rules pertaining to the exchange of prisoners-of-war were not established, thus, thousands of prisoners-of-war died in bondage. During the conflict Americans took 15 to 30 thousand people prisoner; among them - British soldiers, sailors, mercenary soldiers from European coun- tries, loyalists, Indians and black men drafted to serve in the British army. There are no data pertaining to the number of prisoners-of-war who died in American bondage. The exact number of prisoners-of-war captured by the British is not known, either. During the war from 10 to 15 thousand patriots from land forces and anywhere from ten to twenty thousand privateers and sailors were taken prisoner. There are also various estimations - from 11.5 to 18 thousand - as to the number of American prisoners-of-war who died in British bondage.
2
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Československý podíl na spojenecké pomoci při výstavbě jugoslávských jednotek v letech 1944-1945. Příspěvek k československo-jugoslávským vztahům

80%
Plachy J.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
|
2010
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vol. 96
|
issue 1-2
161-167
EN
The opening section of the study briefly sums up certain aspects of the western allies' military aid to the Yugoslav national liberation movement under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito in 1943-1945. Attention is paid to the less known participation of the Czechoslovak foreign resistance in this aid. At least 2,340 Yugoslavian citizens underwent a basic military training with the Reserve Troops of the Czechoslovak Army in Great Britain in November 1944 - June 1945. They were mostly Slovenian POW's from the Wermacht; most of them were sent to Italy (and from there to their country) before the end of the war.
3

LUBLIN, LIPOWA 7. CAMP FOR JEWS - POLISH PRISONERS OF WAR (Lublin, Lipowa 7. Obóz dla Zydów - polskich jenców wojennych (1940-1943))

80%
Grudzinska M., Rezler-Wasielewska V.
Kwartalnik Historii Żydow
|
2008
|
issue 4(228)
490-514
EN
The labour camp at Lipowa street in Lublin was one of only a few places of isolation and forced labour of Polish Jews held as prisoners of war, a large number of which was transferred by Wehrmacht to SS units. They arrived here between February 1940 and February 1941. They were privates or non-commissioned officers of the Polish Armed Forces, hailing mostly from Polish areas seized by the USSR. They were held in the Lublin camp from February 1940 to November 1943, although in 1940 they typically spent a short time there before being released or moved to other detention centres, whereas from December 1940 the POWs brought here remained in the camp. It is estimated that a total of some 5,200 POWs passed through the camp. Their labour was used inside and outside the camp. Thanks to their determination, the inmates retained a limited POW status. They tried to oppose the strict camp regime, harsh conditions and hard work by organizing a resistance movement. Many tried to escape, with varying success. Despite the protection of life to which they were entitled under international law, most were murdered at Majdanek concentration camp on November 3, 1943, during an operation code-named 'Erntefest'.
4

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN ARMED ROBBERY VICTIMS AND EX-PRISONERS OF WAR

80%
Bobic J., Pavicevic L., Gomzi M.
Studia Psychologica
|
2007
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vol. 49
|
issue 2
135-144
EN
The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters in 72 armed robbery victims (AR) at their work place. 19 were assaulted twice or three times, while 15 suffered mild or minor physical injury. The subjects were 47 female and 25 male employees who were having 1 to 11 months of sick leave period at the time of examination. According to the psychiatric examination 38.9% fulfilled criteria for PTSD, while others had different combinations of symptoms. The statistical analysis showed that the whole group dominantly expressed persistent re-experience of the event, followed by the arousal symptoms. Those with full PTSD diagnosis did not differ from the others in age, level of education, number of assaults, length of sick leave period or the fact that they had or had not been physically injured. No difference was found between those who suffered only one attack and those who were assaulted twice or three times in a short period of time. The repetition of identical or very similar trauma situation did not contribute to the increased number of psychological problems measured by PTSD scales. Additionally, we compared the structure of PTSD in AR victims and in a group of 100 male ex-prisoners of war (ex-POW). The results indicate greater occurrence of full PTSD in AR group, as well as the re-experience and arousal symptoms combination in those with partial PTSD, while ex-POW group dominantly showed the arousal symptoms as isolated cluster, followed by combination of the re-experience and arousal symptoms.
5

JUDICIAL PROTECTION OF THE GUANTANAMO DETAINEES AND AMERICAN NATIONALS HELD ON THE U.S. TERRITORY - ANALYSIS OF THE JUDGMENTS OF THE AMERICAN COURTS

70%
Szpak A.
Studia Prawnicze
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2007
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issue 1(171)
145-174
EN
So far a few attempts have been undertaken in order to grant the Guantanamo detainees certain constitutional protection and rights resulting from the international humanitarian law and international human rights law. Those court cases pertain on the one hand to the foreigners detained at Guantanamo Bay and on the other to the American citizens considered 'enemy combatants' and detained in the territory of the United States. Diverse judgments of the American courts and arbitral standards of treatment and qualification of the detainees by the American administration are the evidence of the hypocrisy of the authorities and of a lack of respect for the law and its arbitral interpretation according to particular needs. New terms are being invented and only after that definitions are added to them (for instance 'enemy combatant'), terms which one will in vain look for in the international humanitarian law regulations. We deal here with the creation of new unnecessary and confusing terms because those terms which can be found in the Geneva Conventions namely those of combatants, prisoners of war and civilian person are sufficient and precise. On June 28, 2004 the U.S. Supreme Court (SC) passed judgments in three important cases: Rumsfeld vs. Padilla, Rasul vs. Bush and Hamdi vs. Rumsfeld. In Rasul vs. Bush the SC held that the U.S courts have jurisdiction to verify the legality of Executive's potentially indefinite detention of individuals who claim to be wholly innocent of wrongdoing. Unfortunately it does not mean that the detainees are finally guaranteed some substantial rights but only a procedural right to challenge the legality of their detention. The American courts have a very responsible task to perform but they should not hesitate to question and control executive's decisions which may violate basic human rights.
6

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND COLOR PREFERENCE IN RELEASED PRISONERS OF WAR

70%
Bobic J., Pavicevic L., Gomzi M.
Studia Psychologica
|
2007
|
vol. 49
|
issue 3
223-232
EN
The Lüscher Color Test was administered to a sample of 188 male ex-prisoners of war (aged 18-66 years), who underwent psychiatric and psychological examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible connections between PTSD symptom clusters and color preferences, and possible impact of post-war and post-imprisonment period on color choice. The obtained results showed a prevalence of 6.9% for full PTSD diagnosis and 38.8% for Partial PTSD diagnosis. Furthermore, we found increased preference for violet (dominantly in those with one symptom cluster) and green (dominantly in those with full PTSD or two symptom clusters) and decreased preference for red (all subgroups). The persistence of the post-trauma period influenced even more pronounced preference for green, and even lesser preference for red.
7

LEGAL STATUS OF CHILD SOLDIERS IN INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW (Status dzieci zolnierzy w miedzynarodowym prawie humanitarnym)

61%
Szuniewicz M.
Międzynarodowe Prawo Humanitarne
|
2010
|
vol. 1
131-150
EN
The paper presents an international ban on recruiting and using children in armed hostilities. Relevant provisions are contained in the international humanitarian law of armed conflicts (I and II Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1977) and the international human rights law (especially Convention of the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol of 2000). The second part of the paper considers the issue of legal status of children who directly take part in armed hostilities. Children who are engaged in international armed conflicts and participate in armed hostilities as a member of regular armed forces or 'levée en masse' are combatants (and eventually they are entitled to POW's status). The ban on their recruitment and engagement in hostilities is addressed to States Parties of Additional Protocols of 1977. If children participate in armed conflicts but are not covered by any of the mentioned above categories, they are still 'protected persons' within the meaning of IV Geneva Conventions of 1949. If they do not fulfill conventional criteria of nationality, they are still under the protection under Article 75 of I Additional Protocol. In situations of non-international armed conflict all persons taking part in hostilities (irrespectively of age) may be called to account under domestic criminal law for their acts committed during the civil war. At the end, a few remarks are made about criminal responsibility (accountability) of children soldiers and the issue of their physical rehabilitation and psychological or social reintegration.
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