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VON RÖMISCHEN GLOCKEN UND AWARISCHEN SCHELLEN – FRÜHGESCHICHTLICHE IDIOPHONE AUS WIEN

100%
Pomberger B. M., Mühlhans J., Mehofer M.
Študijné zvesti
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2022
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vol. 69
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issue 2
355-406
EN
The article presents Roman bells and Avar bell finds from Vienna. Excavations within the area of ancient Vienna (Vindobona) unearthed 25 bells. They were found in the military camp, the canabae legionis, both in the first district of Vienna, the civil town in the third Viennese district and near ancient roads. They are cast in diverse copper-alloys (Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb; Cu-Pb) and forged from iron sheet. A larger amount originates from metallurgic workshops and probably were produced there. The sizes vary from 7 mm up to 91 mm. The copper-alloy bells are classified into four types and the iron bells only in one type. Whereas none of the larger bells can be associated with a more precise function, the tiny bells served as jewellery and apotropaic pendants on necklaces and bracelets. Bells were signal instruments to regulate the daily life of a settlement, served as apotropaic wind chimes in various buildings, courtyards and gardens, decorated grazing animals and were part of the harness of draught, pack and riding animals. They also played a role in religious life. From the Avar period 21 pellet bells, three tutuli shaped bells and two bells are known in Vienna. Mostly they were found in children’s and a few adults burials. Some horses had pellet bells as parts of the bridle and saddle. One dog wore a pellet bells on its collar. Pellet bells were cast in copper alloys (Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb) and forged in metal sheets (Fe, Bz). Their surfaces are smooth ore decorated. Small pebbles or bronze balls are enclosed in the rattles. They are classified into five basic shapes. Pellet bells probably served as apotropaic amulets and jewellery. They were not very common in the Avar communities, because they appear only in a few graves from the middle of the 7th c. onwards. Well-preserved bells and pellet bells were recorded and analysed acoustically and psychoacoustically. Their frequencies range from 1.2 kHz–20 kHz. Both types are bright and sharp in sound but hardly rough.
2

Fenomenologia zvuku a hudby v horore

100%
Farkas T., Surinova L.
Communication Today
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2012
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vol. 3
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issue 1
30-47
EN
The paper deals with the problem of effective and aesthetic exploitation of sounds, jangle, music and silence in making an atmosphere of stress and fear in horror movies. The authors analyze the frequency spectrum of sounds and complexity of musical motif in selected samples from two movies, which represent the minimalist and maximalist approach in answering the research problem. Beside of that, the authors deal with relationship of audio and visual aspects of the movies explored. First part of the research is inspired by hypothesis of psychoacoustics dealing with physical characteristics of an unpleasant sound that causes intensive physiological reaction of a human organism. The authors assume that sound with these characteristics could be one of the reasons of an emotional reaction a viewer experiences when watching a horror movie. Next area on which this research is focused is the use of noises. According to psychoacoustics, noise affects the perception of other sounds, thus it is able to aid building of an atmosphere and tension in the movie. In the third part, the authors compare the complexity and variations of musical motifs of both of the movies. Motifs with lack of a structure and rigid repetitiveness can be boring for a viewer, which may be very counterproductive in terms of examined film genre. In the final part of this research, the authors deal with the relationship of audio and visual aspects of movies explored.
3

PELLET BELLS FROM THE AVAR AGE CEMETERIES OF KOMÁRNO

84%
Pomberger B. M., Muhlhans J., Saunderson K., Gromer K.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2021
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vol. 69
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issue 1
99 – 131
EN
The pellet bells from 15 graves of the Avar cemeteries Komárno IV, VIII and IX were examined for their position in the graves, their types, their acoustic and psychoacoustic parameters and their metallurgical compositions within the framework of the research project ‘Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe’. Based on the results, assumptions could be made about their functions. Burials with pellet bells are only a minority among all the total amount of burials of all three cemeteries together and date from the middle Avar period II onwards. Only five graves belonged to children. These pellet bells can be interpreted as amulets and rather silent signal instruments, fixed on the clothes of the persons. The other ten graves belonged to horsemen and their horses. These pellet bells were part of the horse harness and served as jewellery, warning signal instrument and amulet. Most of the pellet bells were hammered of bronze sheet, and followed by those cast in bronze. But there are also pellet bells hammered of iron, copper and brass sheet. Their main frequencies could be determined between 1.5 – 4.5 kHz. Acoustic and psychoacoustic parameters can help to identify also similarities and differences between the objects and to get an idea of the actual sound. Especially loudness and level can also be used to draw conclusions about the use of the objects. A video with the original sounds of the pellet bells was created and loaded up on the internet platform Youtube: ‘Pellet Bells from the Avar Period in Komárno’.
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