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EN
Since 1948, Palestinian topics have been adopted by writers from different Arabic countries and have acted as a kind of political manifesto. By 1967 they were dominated by secularist views, primarily nationalist and socialist. The defeat of the Arab armies in the war with Israel in 1967 was followed by an ideological crisis that, in later years, resulted in the rise of fundamentalist sentiments. Religion marginalised the old socialist or pan-Arabic ideas and again became an important element of social discourse and the new Arab identity. The popularisation of the Islamic ideology changed the categorisation of the Palestinian conflict from secular into religious. The article examines – on the basis of the novel Umar yazharu fi al-Quds by Nagib al-Kilani – the role which literature played in the process of building a new historical consciousness through the dissemination of Muslim symbols, terms and arguments.
EN
Throughout twentieth-century European history Jews and Arabs, as well as Jews and Muslims, have been presented as engaged in a “civilizational” conflict that is not only political but also quasi-metaphysical. This article examines the impact of the conflict on attitudes to anti-Semitism and Islamophobia, and considers the Islamophobic implications of the “new anti-Semitic” discourse, focussing in particular on a variant of this discourse developed by Alain Finkielkraut. The text argues that both the struggle against anti-Semitism and Islamophobia as well as the struggle against the mechanism that, in certain circumstances, creates a kind of negative feedback loop between them, requires not only opposing anti-Jewish and anti-Muslim prejudices, but also a broad critical reconsideration of the concepts of Europeanness that lie at their foundation. The author suggests that a good starting point for this reconsideration might be a postcolonial reading of the Jewish intellectual tradition as exemplified in the works of Amnon Raz-Krakotzkin and that focuses on the figure of the Mizrahi Jew.
PL
Europejska historia dwudziestego wieku doprowadziła do tego, że Żydzi i Arabowie, a także żydzi i muzułmanie, znaleźli się w sytuacji konfliktu, który ma charakter zarówno polityczny, jak i quasi-metafizyczny. Cele artykułu to analiza wpływu, jaki konflikt ten wywarł na postrzeganie antysemityzmu i islamofobii, oraz pokazanie islamofobicznych implikacji dyskursu, w ramach którego funkcjonuje kategoria „nowego antysemityzmu” (zwłaszcza w wariancie rozwijanym przez Alaina Finkielkrauta). Główna teza tekstu głosi, że zarówno walka przeciwko antysemityzmowi i islamofobii, jak i przeciwko łączącemu je w pewnych okolicznościach mechanizmowi negatywnego sprzężenia zwrotnego, wymaga nie tylko przeciwstawienia się uprzedzeniom antyżydowskim i antymuzułmańskim, ale także głębokiego, krytycznego przemyślenia koncepcji europejskości, które leżą u ich podstaw. Według autorki dobrym punktem wyjścia może być postkolonialne odczytanie żydowskiej tradycji intelektualnej, proponowane m.in. przez Amnona Raz-Krakotzkina, które skupia się na figurze Żyda mizrahijskiego.
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