This paper deals with the technical aspects of ceramic building material production in the brickyard located near the legionary fortress of Vindobona (nowdays Vienna, Austria). First, the general procedures of brick manufacture are described, then the paper focuses on the material from Vindobona itself. Tegulae, which make up most of the preserved evidence, are also treated at some length. In comparison to other ceramic building material, tiles are more distinguishable, thus more criteria can be observed. The observed criteria were: treatment of the surface, proportions, types of lower cutaways and shape of flanges. On the basis of these criteria, it is possible to distinguish differences in working procedures, which may relate to a change of units in the fortress and an exchange of workers within one unit. Attention is also paid to the economic aspect of production, which is reconstructed on the basis of the‑ oretical calculations. The amount of material necessary for the construction of camps was calculated along with the estimated time which it took to produce this material and the necessary work‑power. The last part deals with the distribution of bricks to the forts in the upper Pannonian Limes, with an attempt to determine if the material was transported to the construction sites from Vindobona or was produced on the sites. The results show it was more cost effective to transport the material over even long distances.
In the paper I analyze the description of the way of life of the Hungarians and the local inhabitants of the Carpathian Basin during the Hungarian Conquest in the Hungarian chronicles: Gesta Hungarorum of the Anonymous Notary of King Béla (III) and Gesta Hungarorum of Master Simon of Kéza. The originally homeland of the Hungarians, called Scythia, was described as a rich land full of pastures and rivers inhabited by happy nomadic people. They left their land because of a fame and found on Tisza and Danube a similar country. According to the chroniclers they met between others the Vlachs who were characterised in a pastoral context by them. They lived in the same semi-nomadic way of life, as the former Hungarians, however, they occurred in Transylvania only in the 12th century, when the Hungarians changed their semi-nomadism to sedentarism. Therefore the semi-nomadic way of the Valachian life was noted as their identification factor by the high-medieval chroniclers.
The aim of the article is to search the roots of complicated Slovak-Hungarian relationship, which lies deeper than in the 19th century. Different interpretations of the role of the Slavs in the Hungarian state resulted in the creation of two national historiographies at the end of the 18th century, the Hungarian and the Slovak. I tried to compare them. It is to observe that recently the historians from both countries, Slovakia and Hungary started to discuss on the facts from their common history. It creates the optimistic perspectives for the future. First, I analyzed the image of the Pannonian Slavs in the Hungarian chronicles (Story of a white horse presented by the Anonymous Notary of King Béla and by the Chronicle composition of the 14th century). Moreover, I analyzed the information about this ruler in the Bohemian and South-Slavic (the Chronicle of Duklja) tradition, underlining the functional identity of Svatopluk of the Duklja Chronicle with Aquila/Atyla of the Hungarian-Polish Chronicle.
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