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Multiple Modernities in Bulgaria: Social Strategies of Capitalist Entrepreneurs in the Agrarian Sector

100%
Giordano C.
Eastern European Countryside
|
2010
|
vol. 16
5-24
EN
The article focuses on trust/mistrust relations, strategies of cooperation, and emerging conflicts in the period of establishing capitalist reforms in Bulgaria after 1989. In this frame, trust building, as a key challenge for a successful transformation process, is analysed as a premise for cooperation and social cohesion in the process of reforming governance, establishing local institutions, rebuilding civil society, and validating the acknowledged human and natural potential of a "failing" i.e. "fragile state" like Bulgaria. Of specific significance is the analysis of agency in which individuals possess mainly personalised types of trust and cooperation and are suspicious about systemic trust. The analysis of the empirical materials reveals that the agents involved in present capitalist agriculture do not follow the abstract model proposed by transition/consolidation theories but rather they confirm the validity of the multiple modernities approach proposed by S.N. Eisenstadt.
2
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Mecenat nad bibliografiami dziedzinowymi w okresie zaborów

100%
MATCZUK A.
Folia Bibliologica
|
2013-2014
|
vol. 55-56
53-73
EN
Patronage played a tremendous role in publishing subject bibliographies after the partitions of Poland. Patronage in publishing referred mainly to financial support granted to compile or print a bibliography. The issuance was undertaken by printers, booksellers, renowned Polish patrons and authors of the bibliographies themselves. In the mid-nineteenth century individual patronage started to wane and was gradually replaced by more anonymous and collective market forces. Established in 1872, Akademia Umiejętności was ranked high among the most active institutional patrons, promoting such masterpieces as Bibliografia historii polskiej by Ludwik Finkel (Parts 1–3, 1891– 1914), Bibliografia ludoznawstwa polskiego by Franciszek Gawełek (1914) and Bibliografia słowianoznawstwa polskiego by Edmund Kołodziejczyk (1911).
3
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Uproszczone dziedzictwo. Współcześni wobec helleńskiej koncepcji boskiego antropomorfizmu

67%
Kostuch L.
Stan Rzeczy
|
2012
|
issue 2(3)
76-88
PL
W artykule poddane zostały analizie helleńskie koncepcje dotyczące antropomorfizacji bóstw i nasze współczesne poglądy – zarówno te popularne, jak i naukowe – na temat greckiej wiary w możliwość przybierania przez bogów postaci ludzkich. W tekście podjęto próby odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: Czy Hellenowie konsekwentnie wierzyli w bóstwa w ludzkiej formie? Czy uproszczone wizerunki bóstw greckich z atrybutami, które znamy z opracowań mitologii, są dziełem wyłącznie późniejszych epok, czy też to sami Grecy przyczynili się do powstania uproszczeń? Okazuje się, że choć bóstwa greckie przedstawiano w ludzkich postaciach i antropomorficzne bóstwo pod postacią statuy było trwałym elementem kultu, to jednak paradoksalnie wierzono, że boski kształt pozostaje dla człowieka nieuchwytny. Znane dziś powszechnie postaci greckich bóstw, sprowadzone do określonych wizerunków ze specyficznymi atrybutami i wyznaczonym patronatem nad poszczególnymi dziedzinami życia, nie są wcale dziełem późniejszych epok, gdyż wprowadzili je już starożytni greccy twórcy, począwszy od samego Homera.
EN
The article analyses the Hellenic conceptions related to anthropomorphisation of deities, as well as our modern views – both popular and scientific – related to Greek belief in the possibility that gods could exist in human form. The author tries to answer the following questions: Did the Hellenes consistently believe in deities as being in human form? Are the simplified images of Greek deities, with attributes known from studies of mythology, the result of the subsequent epochs only? Or maybe the Greeks contributed to creation of such simplifications. It appears that although Greek deities were presented in human form and anthropomorphic gods in the form of a statue were a permanent element of the cult, it was paradoxically believed that a divine shape was elusive for a human being. The presently well known Greek deities, with their own characteristic appearances, specific attributes and patronages over given areas of life, are not the invention of the subsequent periods in Greek history. They were introduced by ancient Greek authors, with Homer himself at the head.
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