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Peitho. Examina Antiqua
|
2010
|
vol. 1
|
issue 1
111-120
EN
The Byzantine philosopher Michael Psellos (11th century) wrote a brief treatise entitled An Explanation of the Drive of the Soul Chariot and the Army of Gods According to Plato in the Phaedrus. The treatise consists of a compilation of excerpts from Hermias’ commentary on the Phae­drus. Psellos does not mention Hermias’ name but rather traces the origins of the treatise back to some “Greek theologians”. Psellos’ text presents a great interpretative challenge: the order of the myths about the charioteer and the parade of gods is reversed so that the former explicates the latter in such a way that the whole Platonic argument is dismissed as “absurd”. The Phaedrus in the Neo ‑Platonic tradition (in Iamblichus in particular) is considered to be a strictly theological dialogue. Yet, Psellos’ arrangement shows that he was not interested in the mythographical or allegorical dimension of the excerpts. He rath­er focused on the epistemic problem, i.e., a reduction of the trichotomy of the soul into a duality of principles. Thus, he followed certain Aristo­telian commentators. Psellos suggests a reduction that is subjectivist or individualist in its nature and he refuses to identify individual intellect with any particular piety.
FR
The Byzantine philosopher Michael Psellos (11th century) wrote a brief treatise entitled An Explanation of the Drive of the Soul Chariot and the Army of Gods According to Plato in the Phaedrus. The treatise consists of a compilation of excerpts from Hermias’ commentary on the Phaedrus. Psellos does not mention Hermias’ name but rather traces the origins of the treatise back to some “Greek theologians”. Psellos’ text presents a great interpretative challenge: the order of the myths about the charioteer and the parade of gods is reversed so that the former explicates the latter in such a way that the whole Platonic argument is dismissed as “absurd”. The Phaedrus in the Neo‑Platonic tradition (in Iamblichus in particular) is considered to be a strictly theological dialogue. Yet, Psellos’ arrangement shows that he was not interested in the mythographical or allegorical dimension of the excerpts. He rath‑ er focused on the epistemic problem, i.e., a reduction of the trichotomy of the soul into a duality of principles. Thus, he followed certain Aristo‑ telian commentators. Psellos suggests a reduction that is subjectivist or individualist in its nature and he refuses to identify individual intellect with any particular piety.
EN
Plato's Lysis, a comprehensive study of philia, can be treated as a prelude to the issue of eros, discussed directly in the Symposium and the Phaedrus. The ideas first introduced by Plato in the Lysis, are developed and elaborated on in the two dialogues on love. Being the first part of the Platonic story of love, the dialogue is an excellent starting point for considerations of eros, especially its synthetic, intermediary and masculine nature.
PL
Artykuł analizuje sposób, w jaki motywy prawne wpłynęły na fabułę konkretnej bajki Fedrusa (III,10). Już sam gatunek literacki, jakim jest bajka, stawia przed badaczami wyjątkowe wyzwania, zwłaszcza pod względem formalnym, lecz także w zakresie budowy. W świecie bajek nie ma miejsca dla indywidualnych cech charakteru, dylematów filozoficznych lub przemiany wewnętrznej. Rozwiązanie konfliktu zawartego w treści zależy głównie od dwóch kryteriów: kto jest głównym bohaterem i kogo spotka on na swej drodze. Najlepszym przykładem tego zjawiska jest oczywiście bajka zwierzęca, w której los krwiożerczego wilka zależy od tego, czy spotka on łagodną owieczkę (i pożre ją na kolację), czy też sforę psów (i sam z kolei zostanie rozszarpany). W przypadku bajek, w których kwestie prawne stanowią główny temat, sytuacja wygląda nieco inaczej. Utwór „Poeta de credere et non credere” jest właśnie jedną z tych bajek. Dodatkowo jest to najdłuższy i najbardziej wyjątkowy w swej strukturze utwór Fedrusa. Autorka artykułu postuluje, by nie klasyfikować go jako bajki per se, ale raczej jako element zbioru bajek, który, choć w swej pierwszej wersji nie wykraczał poza ramy tego gatunku, został poprawiony, zredagowany i rozszerzony. W rezultacie przypomina bardziej anegdotę niż bajkę.
EN
The paper „Fabled vocanda – legal themes and narrative structure in Phaedrus’ Poeta de credere et non credere” analyses the way in which the legal theme influenced the plot of this particular fable. The literary genre in itself poses unique challenges not only in formal terms but also in terms of construction. In the world of fables there is no room for personalized character traits, philosophical dilemmas or inner transformation. The solution of the conflict presented in the plot depends mostly on two criteria: who is the main character and whom will he meet? The best example of this phenomenon is of course the animal fable in which a bloodthirsty wolf's fate depends on whether he will meet a meek lamb (and devour it for dinner) or a pack of dogs (and he in turn will be torn to pieces). In the case of fables in which legal issues constitute the main topic, the situation seems different. The work Poeta de credere et non credere is one of those fables. Additionally it is the longest and in its structure the most unique of Phaerus’ creations. The paper postulates that it should not be categorised as a fable per se, but rather as a piece, that started out as a fable, but was revised, rewritten and extended. In result it resembles more an anecdote than a fable.
RO
В статье анализируется, каким образом юридические мотивы влияют на фабулу конкретной басни Федро (ІІІ,10). Уже конкретный литературный жанр, которым является басня, ставит перед исследователями исключительные вызовы, особенно формальные, но и также относительно структуры. В мире басен нет места для индивидуальных черт характера, филоссофских диллематов или внутренних перемен. Развязка конфликта содержания зависит в основном от двох критериев: кто является главным героем и кого он встретит на своем пути. Наилучшим примером этого явления есть басня о животных, в которой судьба хищного волка зависит от того, встретит ли он покорную овцу (и съест ее на ужин), или стадо собак (и его растерзают). В баснях, в которых юридические вопросы являются главной темой, ситуация выглядит несколько по-другому. Сочинение «Poeta de credere et non credere» есть, собственно, одной из этих басен. Кроме того, это очень длинное и исключительное относительно структуры сочинение Федро. Автор статьи предлагает не класифициравать его как басню, а скорее как элемент собрания басен, который хотя в своей первой версии не выходит за пределы этого жанра, был улучшен, отредагирован и расширен. В результате напоминает более анекдот, чем баснь.
EN
This paper is about: a) the model of friendship bonds Plato presents to us through his character, Socrates; b) the kinds of friendship bonds Plato tried to create with his students and wanted his students to create when they returned home; c) the friendship bonds lovers of Plato’s dialogues have created with each other for 2400 years; and d) the bonds that those who want to imitate Socrates should create with all of their fellowcitizens. Such bonds are critical for sustaining non-authoritarian societies. Since 2016, Westerners have become more aware of the need of intellectuals to develop these bonds.
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