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Werkwinkel
|
2015
|
vol. 10
|
issue 2
103-114
EN
The second half of the 16th century is regarded as the decisive moment in the history of the Low Countries. The politics of religious intolerance and financial oppression practiced by the Habsburg governors resulted in protests and, finally, in the open revolt of the Provinces under the leadership of the princes of Orange and Nassau. The aim of this work is to follow and reconstruct the ideas of political thought accompanying the events leading to the rise of a new state. In the dicussed state forming process the main emphasis was put on the issues of freedom, states, and sovereignty, as well as on the concept of the possibility of dismissing the obedience inherited from the medieval privileges. These concepts and terms created a special sort of dictionary of the Dutch political thought.
IT
The story of Bona Sforza is examined, in this essay, in the context of the relations between the European states of the first half of the ‘500, in particular the Empire and the Catholic Monarchy of Charles V and of Philip II. The Queen of Poland and Duchess of Bari attempted to carve out a leading role in the international relations of the time, but had to succumb to the wishes of the two Habsburgs, interested in regaining control of the Duchy of Bari and intertwining anti-Turkish alliances with Sigismondo II of Poland, the son of Bona.
PL
Epoka Bony Sforzy została poddana oglądowi w kontekście stosunków między państwami europejskimi w I połowie XVI wieku. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza dwóch monarchii: Karola V oraz Filipa II. Królowa Polski i księżna Bari próbowała odgrywać wiodącą rolę w ówczesnych stosunkach międzynarodowych, ale musiała ulec woli dwóch Habsburgów, zainteresowanych odzyskaniem kontroli nad księstwem Bari i zawarciem anty­tureckich sojuszy z Zygmuntem II, synem Bony.
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