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Mity jako „kolektywne doświadczenia” w Niemieckiej Republice Demokratycznej – na przykładzie wybranych utworów Heinera Müllera

100%

Wilk A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica

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2017

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issue 13

101-111

EN

The writers of the German Democratic Republic often reached for myths to convey forbidden issues in an oblique way and to deceive the censors. In an interview Heiner Müller admits that this was an attempt to raise crucial questions about socialism: I want neither to write ancient plays today nor to adapt ancient topics.In the early 1960s plays about Stalinism were forbidden. It was necessary to invent such a model to raise really important issues.So that people would recognize them at once. On the basis of the works Philoctetes and The Horatian the reception of two ancient myths will be followed in plays by Heiner Müller. The German playwright employs an interesting strategy: he adopts myths in varied, condensed forms, however, the plot is set in mythical circumstances.Müller does not make an attempt to modernize his dramas by transferring their content into a new setting of space and time, but he draws parallels between past and present. Müller’s plays are in Norbert Otto Eke’s opinion, both historical and contemporary. Interestingly, according to Brecht’s idea and his „alienation effect” the spectator should not identify with the events on stage, but only follow and analyse them. For this reason, the works by Müller can be qualified as didactic.

PL

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2

Upadek, zwycięstwo? Powstanie Styczniowe w sądach Norwida

51%

Toruń W.

Studia Norwidiana

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2015

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vol. 33

29-49

EN

The article is concerned with Norwid’s critical opinions connected with the January Uprising. The period preceding it, abounding in great patriotic-religious demonstrations in Warsaw, was considered by the poet as a very positive and by all means original one. On the other hand, he thought that the very uprising and its course was a secondary act, devoid of logic and aim. The author of Fulminant repeated his judgments, sometimes harsh ones, in the memorials, letters and poetical works that he wrote at that time. His critical opinions of the low level of the insurrectionist press, or the unwilling participation of the Polish intelligentsia in the insurrectionist actions, were not always just and true. In many cases Norwid simply did not accept historical facts. Maybe it was his personal traumas of an underestimated, or even rejected poet, that were voiced in this way. The attitude of a prophet shouting in the wilderness was a temptation that was difficult to resist. The awareness of his own mission, the imperative that he should proclaim the truth, encouraged Norwid to assume uncompromising stances. He tried to render the position of alienation, or even of rejection by referring to Sophocles’ legendary figure, Philoctetes, bit by a venomous snake and left by the Greeks on the island of Lemnos. The writer’s numerous press articles written in the period of the Uprising will be those magic, but unable to reach the target, arrows shot by Philoctetes.

3

Upadek, zwycięstwo? Powstanie Styczniowe w sądach Norwida

51%

Toruń W.

Studia Norwidiana

|

2015

|

vol. 33

29-49

EN

The article is concerned with Norwid’s critical opinions connected with the January Uprising. The period preceding it, abounding in great patriotic-religious demonstrations in Warsaw, was considered by the poet as a very positive and by all means original one. On the other hand, he thought that the very uprising and its course was a secondary act, devoid of logic and aim. The author of Fulminant repeated his judgments, sometimes harsh ones, in the memorials, letters and poetical works that he wrote at that time. His critical opinions of the low level of the insurrectionist press, or the unwilling participation of the Polish intelligentsia in the insurrectionist actions, were not always just and true. In many cases Norwid simply did not accept historical facts. Maybe it was his personal traumas of an underestimated, or even rejected poet, that were voiced in this way. The attitude of a prophet shouting in the wilderness was a temptation that was difficult to resist. The awareness of his own mission, the imperative that he should proclaim the truth, encouraged Norwid to assume uncompromising stances. He tried to render the position of alienation, or even of rejection by referring to Sophocles’ legendary figure, Philoctetes, bit by a venomous snake and left by the Greeks on the island of Lemnos. The writer’s numerous press articles written in the period of the Uprising will be those magic, but unable to reach the target, arrows shot by Philoctetes.

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2 Studia Norwidiana

1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica

2 Toruń W.

1 Wilk A.

1 2020

1 2017

1 2015

Mity jako „kolektywne doświadczenia” w Niemieckiej Republice Demokratycznej – na przykładzie wybranych utworów Heinera Müllera

Upadek, zwycięstwo? Powstanie Styczniowe w sądach Norwida

Upadek, zwycięstwo? Powstanie Styczniowe w sądach Norwida