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WYCHOWANIE RELIGIJNE ELEMENTEM EDUKACJI PIJARSKIEJ W RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ OBOJGA NARODÓW NA PRZEŁOMIE XVII I XVIII WIEKU

100%

Taraszkiewicz J.

Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW

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2016

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issue 1

101-116

EN

The organisation of Piarist schools in the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania was mainly based on the provisions of the Piarist Order costitutions drawn by Joseph Calasanz. Part II titled „Constitutionum Congregationis Regularium Pauperum Matris Dei Scholarum Piarum” virtually focused on the education system. It set no rigid rules of teaching but gave the teacher a great deal of leeway in the selection of both the class topics and recommended reading. Calasanz’s constitutions were usually published in full by the specific provinces of the Order. In subsequent editions their contents were not changed but supplemented by further provisions set by the General Chapter and provincial chapters. This was in compliance with the assumptions adopted by Calasanz who took account of self-dependent actions in various provinces subject to the local opportunities and needs. Therefore the organisation of Piarist school system differed from one another in the provinces which may have made the impression of the lack of a normative document standardising operation of the Order educational units. Such a solution was, however, in compliance with the Piarist authorities’ assumptions. Each edition of the Order constitution in particular provinces contained the basic recommendations by Calasanz (which were finally revised by the General Chapter in 1694 and published by the superior general Joannes Franciscus Foci in Rome in 1698) and subsequent decisions by the General Chapter and the chapters of former provinces regarding the schools system organisation, selection of things to be taught and reading. The discretion in the organisation of schools, reading selection and openness to novelties or even experiments presumably allowed the Order to lay the foundations for the subsequent great reforms in a spirit of the Enlightenment in the territory of the then Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. Presumably, the Piarist „ratio studiorum” enabled the Order to overtake, in the 18th century, other orders topped by the Society of Jesus who had played a leading role in that field amongst Catholics until the middle of the 18th century. In the period in question, the prime educational task of the Piarist schools and other units connected with the Catholic Church was the education of the youth in piety which was intended to protect boys from the perpetration of misdeed. It was a common view that teaching itself, disregarding ‘the fear of God’ is incapable of producing desired educational effects. During lessons, teachers did not confine themselves to deliver the curriculum contents but they were supposed to mould a passion of the students for religion and virtue so as to make them being ‘intense members of the Catholic Church and the pride of society’. All student of the Piarist schools had to attend Holy Mass every day and on Sundays and festive occasions they had to take part in two services. Students who failed to do so were punished. Newcomers to schools were obliged to make their confession and receive Communion. Students sang litanies every Saturday at 3 p.m. During oratory services elder students, who were members of religious brotherhoods, listened to homilies while younger ones listened to catechism excerpts. In the Piarist schools everything began, was conducted, and ended ‘in the name of God and for the sake of His holy glory’.

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The Piarists and the Commission of National Education’s Piarist Department: Origins, contexts, interpretations

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Puchowski K.

Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty

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2018

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vol. 55

195-216

EN

In the article, the usual emphasis on innovative elements in the description of the characteristics of Stanisław Konarski’s education reform has been contrasted with opinions pointing to the compromise, halfway and eclectic character of the undertaken measures. In fact, it was not until the Piarist schools were subjugated to the Commission of National Education that their status, objectives and programmes were changed. It has to be borne in mind that until the times of the Commission, any changes in regard to education the Piarists had proposed had to be approved by the Order’s supervisors and could not expose the Order to conflict with the Church authorities. On their part, the orders saw education only in relation to the piety that they lived by and desired to instil in others. It impeded the development of science and the distinguished scholars of particular orders for a long time could not bring themselves to accept science’s autonomy from faith. The Commission of National Education removed those barriers to a great extent, continually emphasising the necessity to modernise the programme of education and carefully supervising that process in the schools run by the Piarist Order. What was notable was that by the Commission’s recommendations, Piarist colleges began, more distinctly than ever, radiating the Enlightenment ideas. The greater stress on the teaching of mathematical and natural sciences and the promotion of experiments in pure science were reflective of that transformation.

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Wojciecha Szweykowskiego „Słów kilka o mej podróży pedagogicznej” z 1804 roku

51%

Kowalska A.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

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2022

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vol. 29

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issue 29

195-226

EN

The published text is a handwritten account of a 'pedagogical journey' that Wojciech Szweykowski (subsequently Rector of the University of Warsaw) undertook in 'German countries', that is to say, Saxony and Prussia. The purpose of the trip was to familiarise Szweykowski and his confraters with German school establishments and the teaching methods used therein. Szweykowski visited schools in Dresden, Meissen, Leipzig, Magdeburg, Brandenburg, Reckham and Potsdam. He also visited the famous Schulphort monastery school. Contrary to the title assigned by the author, the account is somewhat scant on descriptions of educational institutions, curricula and pedagogical methods. On the other hand, Szweykowski provided a very interesting, extensive and vivid description of the cities visited and the buildings there. He extensively described the art galleries and palaces he visited. He was also interested in the inhabitants of Saxony, their houses, costumes, character and farming methods. The manner in which salt was extracted also caught his attention. Szweykowski's text offers interesting reflections of a general nature on the history of Poland and the mutual relations of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Saxony.

PL

Publikowany tekst jest rękopiśmienną relacją z „podróży pedagogicznej”, którą młody pijar Wojciech Szweykowski (w latach 1818–1831 rektor Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego) odbył po „krajach niemieckich”, to jest Saksonii i Prusach. Celem podróży było zapoznanie się Szweykowskiego i jego konfratrów z niemieckimi zakładami szkolnymi oraz stosowanymi w nich metodami nauczania. Szweykowski odwiedził szkoły w Dreźnie, Miśni, Lipsku, Magdeburgu, Brandenburgu, Reckham i w Poczdamie. Odwiedził także słynną szkołę klasztorną Schulphorta. Wbrew nadanemu przez autora tytułowi, w relacji stosunkowo niewiele miejsca zajmują opisy placówek edukacyjnych, programów nauczania i metod pedagogicznych. Szweykowski przedstawił natomiast bardzo interesujący, obszerny i plastyczny opis odwiedzanych miast i znajdujących się w nich budowli. Obszernie opisał zwiedzane galerie sztuki i pałace. Jego uwagę zwrócili także mieszkańcy Saksonii, ich domy, stroje, charakter i sposób gospodarowania. Zainteresował go również sposób pozyskiwania soli. W tekście Szweykowskiego znalazły się interesujące rozważania natury ogólnej dotyczące dziejów Polski oraz wzajemnych relacji dawnej Rzeczypospolitej i Saksonii.

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1 Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW

1 Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

1 Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty

1 Kowalska A.

1 Puchowski K.

1 Taraszkiewicz J.

1 2022

1 2018

1 2016

WYCHOWANIE RELIGIJNE ELEMENTEM EDUKACJI PIJARSKIEJ W RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ OBOJGA NARODÓW NA PRZEŁOMIE XVII I XVIII WIEKU

The Piarists and the Commission of National Education’s Piarist Department: Origins, contexts, interpretations

Wojciecha Szweykowskiego „Słów kilka o mej podróży pedagogicznej” z 1804 roku