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EN
The paper is focused on the basic paradigms of the Jewish history in late imperial Russia. In the form of review article, author analyzes several new books about Jews in the Russian Empire and tries to find, how far the old paradigms are changed and new paradigms are created. Article is divided into two parts. In the first part, author is dealing with the Jewish diaspora paradigm, Jewish community paradigm and ‘shtetl’ paradigm, and the paradigm of crisis and continuity in the Russian-Jewish history. All these paradigms are defined as the split identity paradigm. The second part is concerned with the pogrom paradigm and with the effort of several historians to establish a new war pogrom paradigm.
DE
The focus of this article lies on the importance of the pogroms of 1918-1919 for the memory of Central and Eastern European Jewry of the First World War and the retrospective perception of the various occupying powers. Exemplarily, the pogroms of Krakow, Lemberg and Pinsk are discussed. An outlook is also given about the mutual perception of Jews and Germans during the Second World War, which was changed by these experiences.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest znaczenie pogromów z lat 1918-1919 dla pamięci Żydów Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej z I wojny światowej oraz retrospekcyjnego postrzegania różnych mocarstw okupacyjnych. Przykładem są pogromy w Krakowie, Lemberg i Pińsku. Jeden z poglądów dotyczy również wzajemnego postrzegania Żydów i Niemców w czasie II wojny światowej, które zostały zmienione przez te doświadczenia.
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